to light (John R. True). A noticeable similarity in amino acid sequence was found between the penicillin produced in fungus Penicillium chrysogenum and the tan gene. The isopenicillin enzyme N-acyltransferase (IAT) is self-activated at the Glycine-Cysteine chain to produce two subunits that interact together; similarly, the tan gene also replicates this method. The last step of IAT involves N-acylation and acyl-CoA to produce the penicillin but tan shows no activity in this process (Silvia…
Introduction: Prokaryotic cells are cells that do not have membrane bound organelles, such as ribosomes and include organisms such as bacteria. In contrast, eukaryotic cells contains organelles and are often more complex organisms (Karp, 2010). These cells have some similar features such as the plasma membrane and the use of ribosomes to make proteins. However, there are also significant differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Whilst the prokaryotic/ eukaryotic…
DNA replication (Tollefsbol, 2010). DMNT enzymes add methyl groups to the DNA by binding to the DNA, they then effectively turn the DNA double helix inside out exposing the base pairs, this is called ‘base flipping’, once the cytosine is exposed, a cysteine is used to nucleophilically attack the sixth carbon of the cytosine (C6), this transfers a methyl group from another molecule S-adenosyl-I-methionine, to the fifth carbon on the cytosine (C5), this creates 5-methyl cytosine (Zhang and Bruice,…
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of diabetes complications. Our results demonstrate that increased production of ROS is the central and major mediator of both diabetes and diabetic gastroparesis. It is intriguing, although the production of ROS is a common mechanism, however, the activation of JNK and p38 MAPK in pylorus is unique and specific to gastroparesis. While we did not observe any ROS-mediated activation of JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in pylorus, there are…
These interactions can include weak interactions such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and van der Waals forces, and also covalent bonds between two cysteine amino acids called a disulfide bond (Tymoczo et al., 2013). Similar the secondary structure, the interactions available are completely determined by the types and order of amino acids in the peptide chain; however, in the tertiary structure the…
The process of writing a critical appraisal was not easy for me; I have faced many difficulties by preparing myself for this assignment. Before I have started my critical writing, I created a plan that helped me to cover all-important aspects of the topic and included weakness and strengths of research paper. The plan included questions such as: Is research methods are valid for particular topic? What did results show? Was methodology helpful? Also I have used other resources to compare my plan…
Aseptic Technique The principles of the aseptic technique are easy to understand, however, they are invaluable if a proper procedure is to be executed in such a laboratory setting. Primarily, to understand its importance, it must be understood what is aseptic technique. In essence, aseptic technique is the collection of procedures and steps performed to ensure both the cleanliness of the laboratory setting, and more importantly, the purity of the components used; that is to say, to ensure that…
as matrix systems. Due to the formation of strong covalent bonds with mucus glycoproteins, thiomers show the strongest mucoadhesive properties. Thiolated polymers includes, • Chitosan–iminothiolane, Chitosan–thioglycolic acid • Poly(acrylic acid)–cysteine, poly(acrylic acid)–homocysteine etc 20 Bioadhesive nanopolymers as drug…
that is GDP bound, in its inactive state. It binds to Rab escort protein (REP), which directs it to the RGGT, where the Rab protein is isoprenylated by addition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) group or farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) onto the cysteine. The REP then transports…
Cancer, Lysosomes, and Treatment Cancer is one of the most leading causes of death across the world. Several therapies exist to fight cancer. They include surgery, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy. One common therapy many chose is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is cancer treatment using one or more anti-cancer medications that are given as a standardized regimen. There are several types of chemotherapy medications. Alkylating agents attack…