Cysteine

The structure of MuSK is divided between the extracellular region, transmembrane domain (TM), juxtamembrane domain (JM) and a catalytic domain. The extracellular region includes four immunoglobulin-like domains (Ig) and between the two last one a cysteine-rich domain (C6) represented in Figure 6B. Then it follows the TM, which is located in the membrane of the muscle fiber, the JM and the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain. MuSK is activated trough the large heparansulfate proteoglycan agrin, a…

aligned macrofibrils, which are a “filler” for lipids/proteins. Inside the microfibrils are the protofibrils, which have 4 keratin chains connected by disulphide bonds and hydrogen bonds. Hairs are made of keratin molecules, which contain cysteine, and cysteine has thiol. The more tightly coiled the hair filament is, the stronger the two-chain coil is. Keratin is made up of cells, intermerdiate filament, protofibril, protofilament, coil, and the helix. The cross sections is defined by the alpha…

Gram positive: First, the bacteria sample is placed on a glass slide and heated only to the point of rendering it innocuous in terms of being infectious to the handler. Next, the bacteria sample is treated with a gentian violet-iodine solution for up to sixty seconds. The slide is then gently rinsed under clean water and the Gram solution is applied, which is a mixture of iodine and potassium iodide diluted in water. This step triggers a reaction to the gentian violet compound. Initially, the…

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin is a single-chain glycoprotein, composed of 394 amino acids, weighing 52kDa with 3 sidechains of carbohydrates, with a half-life of 4-5 days. It is a protease inhibitor, one of the key members of the serpin superfamily. Production takes place in the liver, it is then transferred to the lungs via the bloodstream. The protein is vital for protection of the lung from common infections, chemicals, and harmful irritants, such as vapours, gases and tobacco smoke. Production of…

"Amino acids are the building blocks for muscle.” What relevant issues does the vegetarian athlete face when trying to build muscle Amino acids construct protein and are the building blocks of protein. when protein is consumed the further process of breakdown leads to certain amino acid’s such as (glutamine, lysine, theonine) form together to allow specific functions throughout and within the body and are the key building blocks of many parts of the body. there is said to be around 20-22 amino…

1. Given the following amino acids, explain where they would be found in the tertiary structure of a protein and WHY (lack of explanation/incorrect explanations will NOT receive full credit; assume living system of pH = 7.4). Arg Phe Pro Glu His Ala Tyr Val Cys Arginine: This is a charged amino acid that is extremely hydrophilic. It is hydrophilic because while it has an aliphatic side chain that is hydrophobic, it also has two groups where a positive charge resonates between the two…

The effects of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine on different anaerobic bacteria are given in Figure 1. 3.2.1. Change in bacterial gene expression Important effect of the catecholamines is the change in bacterial gene expression. Saito et al. [29] observed the effect of catecholamines on P. gingivalis virulence factor expression by a microarray and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The addition of norepinephrine resulted in a decrease in P. gingivalis…

Mitochondria and caspases are essential elements of the controlling mechanism of apoptosis 1. Caspases, a family of enzymes that are key effectors of apoptosis, are cysteine proteases that cut after aspartic acid residues. Several of these enzymes, like caspase 3 and caspase 7, are responsible for many of the effects of apoptosis. These effects include cell shrinkage, PS externalization, and membrane microvesiculation 2-5. Cytochrome C, a component of the electron transport chain, is normally…

Measurement of glutathione Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous tripeptide which serves several vital functions including detoxifying electrophiles, scavenging free radicals and providing a reservoir for cysteine. The sulfhydryl group of GSH reduces 5-5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and form the yellow colour product 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB)21. Measurement of the absorbance of TNB at 412 nm provides an accurate estimation of GSH in the sample. Figure 7. Materials 5×105 cells/mL…

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, more formally known as ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a neurodegenerative disease, causing the selective degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons, as well as those in the motor cortex portion of the brain, which ultimately leads to the limited to complete loss of all voluntary muscle function. Now while the main pathology of ALS is the selective death of the previously mentioned motor neurons, more recent studies have suggested that the homeostatic…