Curie

Ferroelectricity Among the ferroelectric materials, the static dielectric constant depends on the temperature under the relation: Curie – Weiss relation: €r = P + Q/ (T-Tc), (T> Tc), P, Q are constants temperature independent. C = Curie constant Tc = Curie temperature A transition in phase is observed at temperature Tc. Above this, the material remains in Paraelectric phase (the phase where the elementary dipoles of different crystal unit cells are…

Radioisotopes are atoms that consist of unstable combination of neutrons and protons. All elements which have their atomic numbers greater than 83 are radioisotopes and have unstable, radioactive nuclei. They have at least one stable isotope and one unstable isotope. In order to gain stable conformation the nucleus of the atoms loses a neutron due to which radiation energy is given off and the atom is said to be in radioactive state. They are also called as radionuclides because they have more…

society and people have written down these women's contributions in order to make them shine in the history. Marie Curie, who was a physicist and found Polonium and Radium, won a Noble Prize in Physics in 1903. She is one of the milestones in human history because she has contributed to the society. She will never be forgotten by people because of her diligent work on physics. Marie Curie was one of representative of women in the 20th century. Even though most of the women did not have much…

Rich showed how hard it was to be a nondomestic woman in the 1970s, bringing the struggles of Marie Curie to show her point. Her poems were often politically charged, to help, perhaps, create a movement empowering women to chase after their dreams. In contrast, Barthelme showed the common downfalls of marriages, which often led to divorce, like Mrs. Davis…

Many people remember certain things in their life for one reason or another, while writing about their life, one will most likely write about events in their life that they remember most vividly or events that changed their life in such a way. Persepolis, a memoir about a young Iranian girl, Marjane Satrapi, who grows up during the Islamic Revolution and goes through many experiences that shape her future and change her view on life. Although, there were many events that happen during that…

Hatshepsut, the first female pharaoh of Egypt, suffered ridicule because she was a woman. I think of Elizabeth Blackwell, the first female doctor, and how medical colleges at first refused to allow her to attend lectures because of her sex. Marie Curie helped to discover radium, despite the perception at the time that women should not study science. Perhaps one of the more obvious examples is of Susan B. Anthony and the suffragettes in America, who endured jail and police brutality while…

Hilary Clinton, Margaret Mead, Oprah Winfrey, Marie Curie, Angela Merkel, Golda Meir, Sandra Day O’Connor… The list of powerful women who have benefitted our society is boundless. Margaret Thatcher as a chemist, Member of Parliament, and Prime Minister, is among the most notable and may be used as a prime paradigm. Not only did these women contribute to civilization, they also, as a whole, earned a college education and have been married. Margaret Thatcher, as a case in point, has two…

The history of piezoelectricity evolution is over 120 years which was discovered by brothers Curie in 1880. They were Pierre Curie (1859-1906) and Jacques Curie (1855-1941). During the study of the generation surface electrical charge by applying pressure on some material, they found out an unusual phenomenon which was a voltage of opposite polarity was generated by pressure was applied on the crystalline minerals such as quartz. The amplitude of the generated voltage was proportional to the…

Radioactive decay occurs when the nucleus discharges an abundance of energy, in the type of waves, causing nuclear instability which can occur naturally or spontaneously. Alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma particles (γ) are the most known types of radioactive decay despite the fact that there are some more. Alpha decay, α, composes of two neutrons and two protons making alpha particles similar the nucleus of helium. Large components, for example, uranium, radium, and thorium have a greater number of…

Phase Diagram and Phase Transformation Fig. 1 shows (FCC) Nickel-(BCC) Chromium binary phase diagram. The eutectic reaction takes place at 1345°C and the composition is 51% Cr and 49% Ni. The solid solubility of Cr in Ni is extensive which is evident from the phase diagram. Phase transformations of two Ni-Cr alloys are explained below. One is Ni40Cr60 (Line 2) which is closer to eutectic composition and contains greater % Cr and the other alloy is Ni68Cr32 (Line 1) which contains greater % Ni.…