Crystalline silicon

CHAPTER 3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 3.1 GENERAL Enabling technology for a whole host of innovative devices and systems that have changed the way we live is the Integrated circuit(IC) Technology. In the year 2000 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce received the Nobel Prize in Physics for their invention of the integrated circuit and without the integrated circuit, neither transistors nor computers would be as important as they are today. We know that VLSI systems are very smaller in size and consume…

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND The catalytic converter was invented by Eugene Houdry, a French mechanical engineer and skilled in catalytic oil refining who lived in the United States around 1950. The invention of catalytic converter has a major role in controlling harmful emissions. When the paper of smog in Los Angeles was published, Houdry became anxious about the role of smoke stack and automobile exhaust in air pollution and established a company, Oxy-Catalyst. Houdry primary…