Cranial nerves

relationships of the isolated sciatic nerve in regards to the compound action potential and the neuromuscular junction stimulations of the Rana pipens gastrocnemius. A total of five exercises were used to identify the effects on the stimulation of the sciatic nerve and the gastrocnemius. A dissection for both labs were performed to isolate the nerve and to isolate the gastrocnemius. Both experiments used LabChart to perform various stimulations on the sciatic nerve and the gastrocnemius muscle…

Figure 1. An EMG Tracing of Triceps and Biceps Muscles Co-activation. EMG signal produces an electrical activity of the muscle fibers active at a moment time. The electrical activity is measured in millivolts per milliseconds. The top channel shows the bicep EMG, while the bottom EMG correlates to the triceps contraction traces. Shown on the top graph, there are two periods of bicep activation, each last approximately 1.5ms. When the biceps are activated, it produces increasing amplitude peaks,…

of all chordates. It gives the skeletal support and is found in between the digestive tube and nerve cord. In some animal chordates lifetimes it is the main axial support in the body. The dorsal hollow nerve cord is the only feature unique to all chordates. It is located at the top of the animal, above the notochord. During the development of the nerve cord the ectoderm rolls into a hollow tube. The nerve cord grows into the brain and spinal cord of most chordates which means it is part of the…

Latissimus Dorsi T7 - L5 vertebrae spinous process, the iliac crest of sacrum, the thoracolumbar fascia, the inferior angle of scapula, and lower 3-4 ribs. Intertubercular groove floor. Extends and medially rotates arm. Triceps Brachii Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula; Lateral head: posterolateral humerus and lateral intermuscular septum; Medial head: posteromedial surface of the inferior half of humerus. Ulna olecranon process. Extension of the forearm and long head. Deltoids…

Electrical stimulation: Eight self-adhesive 7x13 cm oval carbon electrodes were adhered to the skin over the quadriceps and hamstring muscles (four electrodes per leg). These muscles were selected because of their ease of access, clinical importance, and large size, which we reasoned would yield the greatest potential for altering energy expenditure. The distal margin of the distal quadriceps electrode was placed over the distal-most palpable border of the vastus lateralis. The proximal…

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disease that targets the neuromuscular junction resulting in impaired impulse transmission and skeletal muscle weakness. The muscular weakness may exacerbate during periods of activity while improving after periods of rest, occurring with various severities. Muscles that control the eyes, eyelids, facial expression, swallowing, and talking can also be affected. Symptoms are presented as drooping of the eyelids, called ptosis, blurred or double vision,…

Introduction: Planarians are free-living aquatic flatworms that posses remarkable regeneration abilities in addition to its distinct negative phototaxis behavior. A wealth of research studies has thoroughly examined its photophobic behavior under different wave frequencies and light conditions. Planarian are highly sensitive to white light and wavelengths of high frequencies, blue-green range ( Paskin TR, 2014). Two basic pigment-cup eyes situated in the head region govern its photophobic…

react to the certain stimulus. The word neuropathy is defined as nerve damage and thus the nerves that could be referred to are motor, sensory or autonomic nerves. As a result, symptoms can range anywhere from numbness and tingling to paralysis or organ dysfunction depending on the type of nerves(s) that are damaged. Motor nerve damage can result in muscle damage or uncontrolled movements. Depending on the size of the sensory nerve that is damaged, patients may become over sensitive or even…

Every specie in the earth is came from an ancestor. Their ancestor change over time to adapt to the environment, this theory knew as evolution. Scientist called it a theory not because it just a belief that can’t be prove, but they already found many piece of evidence to prove that this theory is actually true. The three trustworthy evidence for this theory is fossil evidence, homologies, and biogeography. Fossil evidence are the evidence that found in the fossil of a species. Scientist…

medial nerve, which is very common in those who use a keyboard and a mouse. When typing, finger should be in line with the forearms, not resting on the table. Use a gel keyboard pad, or even something like a towel. A way that we can prevent it from getting any worse is to use a keyboard pad, making sure that the desk is not too high for you, and not causing you to have your wrists completely rest flat on the desk in a prolonged extended position which would cause compression to the median nerve.…