Cowpea

Callosobruchus maculatus are not considered directly harmful to humans; although, as an insect pest they damage millions of tons of human food crops in the form of legumes every year (Torres et al. 2016). Physically, they are small beetles, approximately 3.5 mm long. Because Callosobruchus maculatus larvae feed and develop exclusively on the seeds of legumes, the beetles are commonly referred to as "bean beetles." Adult Callosobruchus maculatus have a very short lifespan of 6 to 14 days (Fox et al. 2006). During this short lifespan, adults do not eat or drink; instead, they spend all their time mating and laying eggs. Following mating, adult female Callosobruchus maculatus oviposit individual fertilized oval-shaped eggs on legumes, such as mung beans (Vigna radiata) (Torres et al. 2016). The females use glue produced inside their abdomen to attach their approximately 0.7 mm long, oval-shaped eggs to the legumes. Depending upon the environment, adult females can lay over 100 eggs. Larvae hatch in 4 to 8 days. When a larva hatches from the egg, it does not leave the bean to which its egg was glued. In fact, the larva does not even leave the egg and explore the surface of the bean; instead, without moving outside the protection of its egg, it burrows through the seed's outer layer and into its endosperm. The larva then spends its entire juvenile lifetime inside the bean on which its egg was deposited. Depending upon the temperature, humidity, and other factors,…

description of cowpea genotypes is crucial towards making a decision to release a variety as well as conservation of germplasm. The identities of 38 cowpea genotypes were established by using morphological characteristics described as cowpea descriptors (Makanur et al., 2013). Both quantitative and qualitative parameters considered in the current work showed variations among the 38 cowpea genotypes. Variation in growth habit was evident among the cowpeas. The semi-erect growth habit was…

SUMMARY The efficacy of abamectin , malathion and three plant oils(olive oil, peanut oil and linseed oil) singly and in three mixture ratios (5:95, 10:90 and 15:85) of the oils and pesticides , were biologically evaluated on cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus ( Fabricius , 1775) infested cowpea seeds. The activity of abamectin and malathion singly or in mixtures with the three oils were significantly increased, particularly at the higher concentrations. abamectin combinations with olive…

glucose, ethanol, acetic acid, and sodium hydroxide treatments on the mortality and fecundity of C. maculatus. The data obtained was interpreted with a Student's t-test (P=<0.5). No statistically significant difference in beetle fecundity and mortality across treatment type was found, as represented by the number of emergence holes and number of dead beetles over a seven-week period. Introduction Pest damage costs the United States billions per year; the majority of this damage is…

specific question being asked in our experiment is: How does the availability of the preferred bean type affect the oviposition strategy (measured by the number of eggs on each bean) of female SI and BF beetles? Most of our group members actually arrived this question at first independently and upon further discussion found that we all were looking to answer the same question. I arrived at this question as when looking that preferred seed of the two beetle types were so vastly energetically…

Colombo explained that in American farming GPS technology has advanced farming by allowing farm to use equipment to test soils and perform tasks virtually autonomously. Purdue researchers studied farming techniques not just to advance American farmers but to also address the far more pressing issue of world hunger. Colombo explained that world hunger was a pressing issue that was increasing dramatically in need as the population of the world increased in size. Furthermore, Colombo reasoned that…

production aspects of the farming system: (1) land-use patterns; (2) number of livestock (see table 5.11 and table 5.12). The results of the baseline model for the Jose Ignacio Tavara community in Piura are summarized in Table 5.11 and compared with the observed values. The different shares of the crops of the total cultivated area for different crops: beans, maize and cotton are listed for the three household types in the model baseline situation, as well as the quantity of cattle, goats and…

The prominent desertification issue is a result of years of environmental degradation from overgrazing livestock such as cattle and other herding animals. Desertification depletes nutrients in soil and therefore makes the crops less nutritious. 80.7% of Niger’s population is rural (CIA) who depend on agriculture to meet their families’ daily needs. In optimal conditions, only 3.3% of Niger receives 500 mm of rainfall annually in Niger during the rainy season (USGS). However, in places prone to…

Commodity damaged:- Pest of dried cowpeas, moong beans, soybeans, lentil and gram. Propensities and History:- Eggs are stood outside of beans and heartbeats. Hatchlings on bring forth bore into seed and encourage inside the entire heartbeat, taking 2 weeks to 6 months to create before pupating there. Six or seven eras may happen every year. Grown-ups might likewise assault the product in the fields. Hatchlings bite close to the surface and leave a slender covering uneaten which shows up as a…

Senegal was pivotal in allowing the access of goods such as salt, silver, gold, and ivory to travel to major powers of the time like England, France, and Portugal. This prosperity in trade has lasted the time test stretching well into the 19th century and well into today with the ports and trade roots thriving from the Gum Arabic wood trade. Peanuts, phosphates, cotton, and fish and fishing products are among some of the major exports that allow trade to continue. “Fishing products, mostly…