Covariance and correlation

In addition to this, this argument uses two heuristics: argument from correlation to cause and argument from correlation to prediction. In both of these types of heuristics, the premises must be arguments about a correlation in the population. This condition is satisfied regardless of the potential skew in data, because there is still a positive correlation between fat intake and pancreatic cancer. In the BBC Report summarizing the study, it states that “people who consumed high amounts of saturated fats had 36% higher relative rates of pancreatic cancer compared to those who consumed low amounts [3bbc]”. This statistic implies that the probability of getting pancreatic cancer is much higher when you consume higher amounts of fats in comparison to those who consume low amounts. From this, it is evident that the conclusion the Women’s Fitness website makes is a claim about the probability of an outcome. Similarly, there is also an argument from correlation to cause involved in the argument made by the Women’s Fitness website. Although there is a positive correlation between high intake of red meat fats and dairy products, correlation is not causation…

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 12.747a 6 .047 Likelihood Ratio 13.057 6 .042 Linear-by-Linear Association 5.178 1 .023 N of Valid Cases 742 Correlation and Regression with SPSS Pearson’s r value and (possibly) significance values, there was a correlation between the two variables [r = .208, n = 906, p = .000]. RESPONDENTS INCOME HIGHEST YEAR OF SCHOOL COMPLETED RESPONDENTS INCOME Pearson Correlation 1 .208** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 906 906…

Therefore, one of the major sources of error for the BDI, which contains 21 items with a possible score range from 0 to 63, includes the risk of developing different interpretations of test scores depending on the rater. Bumberry et al. (1978) addressed this issue by calculating a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient between primary (i.e. structured interview used for over 2 decades) and secondary raters (i.e. board certified psychiatrists with 9 and 4 years of experience). Researchers…

Explore Correlation and Regression Using the explore function within SPSS gives a clearer view of how the data is represented. The explore function helps to assess the variables within the investigation by visually identifying various aspects of the data, therefor revealing the true nature of the data (Field, 2013). For example, the data in the Chamorro-Premuzic.sav file can be evaluated in a number of ways, for example analyzing the data based on the gender grouping allow one to visualize the…

In his breakthrough article “Inventing the University”, David Bartholomae (1986) discusses the problem undeveloped writers have when it’s time to write for a class, they must use the discourse of the scholarly community they are speaking to. Particularly, Bartholomae goes to say that a student, “have to appropriate a specialized discourse, and they have to do this as though they were easily and comfortably one with their audience, as though they were members of the academy, or historians or…

Although it is a weak correlation, it indicates that an increase in cultivation year rate, the production follows in tandem. For example, the maximum rate of production (12 tons/ha) is mostly happening in maximum years of cultivation (year four). Conversely, the correlation of respondent age group and annual income is a negative relationship, which is -0.746. This is interpreted that as one variable increases in value, the second variable decreases in value. By the negative value of…

Statement of Purpose In today’s hyper-connected world, individuals increasingly rely on constantly evolving technology to maintain social relationships, both synchronously and asynchronously, regardless of physical proximity. The purpose of this paper is to better understand the correlation between the use of machine mediated communication (MMC) and communication apprehension (CA) in face-to-face communication. Specifically, the research will focus on the questions of whether the use of machine…

ways. For some, great lengths will be reached to be truly happy in all aspects of an individual’s life, both personal and professional. People may seek happiness through relationships, friendships, companions, in recreational activities, or at work. According to psychological research, there is a strong correlation between workplace happiness on the effects of mood in other activities. Such contentment is achieved by recognizing…

Through the course of the semester, each student was required to fill out a variety of personality tests. After each student completed the personality test, he or she would then give the test to someone who knows him or her well enough to answer the questions while pretending to be the student. The person who takes the quiz as if they are the student is called the informant. After the student and the informant take the tests, the student records the scores into a spreadsheet. After all the tests…

Correlation, also known as association, is the simultaneous variation in two variables. (Conley, pg. 46) Whereas, causation is the change in one factor of life directly causing a change in the other. (Conley, pg. 48) A causality is harder to prove than a correlation because more factors are needed to prove a causality. To prove causality three factors must be proven, correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanation. (Conley, pg. 48) Each one of these factors also have complex…