Court of Justice of the European Union

Supreme Court case, Roper v Simmons, the justices argued at what age does a person become culpable for their crimes and should receive adult punishments. The respondent, Christopher Simmons, was 17 years old when he and a friend broke into a woman’s home, robbed and tortured her, then killed her by throwing her off a bridge. After being convicted of the crime, Simmons was sentenced to the death penalty, which he eventually revoked. When the case made it to the Supreme Court in 2004, the court…

development of corresponding legal procedures. Development has been slow and incremental in the eyes of Magnier. However, Magnier argues that France will ultimately have to adopt a class action process. Whether that will be implemented by France or the European Union, time will tell. Magnier begins the discussion with the history of class action legislation in France. Reforms of the French Civil Code of Procedure and the increase of a society based on consumption in the 1970’s jumpstarted the…

start as economic integration, and then it may become political integration. The promotion of regional integration boosts serious political and economic benefits in the countries that have less power. European Union is a model of regional integration: EU is a model of regional integration. In those past years, EU has been a great example of economic integration, because of the figures of trade conventions. As a consequence, the integration…

decision stand '. Precedent in law is to follow a previous judgment or decision that has been made in court. This is recorded in a law report, and used as an authority for reaching the same decision in subsequent cases. This makes precedents binding, and therefore they must be followed through the court hierarchy, from the Supreme Court down to the Magistrates. Distinguishing a case means a court decides the holding or legal reasoning of a precedent case will not apply due to materially…

United Nations, and other NGOs through a process called multilateralism. NATO stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was founded in 1949, and its purpose is to create political and militaristic alliances between North American and European countries during and after the Cold War, protecting the security and freedom of all the countries involved with the organization (“What is NATO?”). It was created to maintain the balance of power, which is the preservation of peace through the…

1990s was the period when the current system was established. It was also a period when Chinese people had their legal education levels highly increased, which meant several times more cases in the courts. In order to make sure everybody could find justice mediation and arbitration commissions to courts have been created. Furthermore, there are local mediation committees that solve hundreds of thousands of problems each…

and his contemporaries, and it has been important to succeeding generations of Americans who lived their lives and struggled with collective issues and concerns in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Numerous ideas on government emanated from European and American colonial writings and were reformulated during the American founding era. It was in this period, as the thirteen colonies gained independence from Greta Britain, that Americans wrote state constitutions, the Articles of…

Briton exiting the European Union It is half past five in the morning September the fifteenth and people are anxiously waiting for Nigel Farage. Around six, a black jeep slowly pulled in front of the BBC TV station in Westminster. The driver of the car walked out from his seat and took few steps towards the left side of the passenger door. As soon as the driver swung open the passage side, Nigel Farage a middle aged man with gray hair and a bank clerk 's suit walked out of the car and…

Russia’s stance on homosexuality (Smith-Spark & Black 1).” Perhaps vodka will serve as the gateway to freedom for the LGBT community in Russia but it is for sure that when the going gets tough, the tough get going and the fight will not end until justice is served (metaphor;…

national law. It gave direct action to EU law, this meant that in the scenario where there may have been any complications between an act of the British Parliament and EU law, parliament would have to bow down to EU law. The European Court of Justice acted as a Supreme Court of Europe, translating EU law with judgements that were binding on all member…