Correlation does not imply causation

Jackson even-numbered Chapter Exercises (p. 244) #2. What possible confounds can you identify in this study? There are three confounds in the health magazine depression study that might have impacted the study and the observed findings. First, there does not appear to be a control group. The study was for nine months long, mortality within the length of the study could have an effect. To conduct this kind of study, however, requires many more subjects and may be more difficult to match relevant…

Throughout the world, there are 230 accredited zoos and aquariums in nine different countries (Zoo and Aquarium Statistics, 2017). A safe assumption is that most people have been to a zoo at least once in their lifetime. With this being said, one of the trending topics in today’s world is if these zoos are helpful or harmful to animal’s well-being. One of the recent events that have occurred in sparking this debate happened in 2016 at the Cincinnati Zoo, where a three-year-old boy slipped…

Statistics Worksheet Part A Question 1 a) Below is the calculation for the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient between the total number of problems correct and the attitude toward test taking. Total no. of problems correct (out of a possible 20): X Attitude toward test taking (out of a possible 100): Y (X - X ̅)² (Y - Y ̅)² (X-X ̅)(Y-Y ̅) 1 17 94 1.96 204.49 20.02 2 13 73 6.76 44.89 17.42 3 12 59 12.96 428.49 74.52 4 15 80 0.36 0.09 -0.18 5 16 93 0.16 176.89 5.32 6 14 85 2.56 28.09…

very similar. 1 a. For example, the brainstem exists at the base of the brain connecting the brain and spinal cord and has no functional differences between an intact and split brain patient. Being the most primitive part of the brain, its structure does not change because each component, the medulla, reticular formation, and pons, are vital for our survival. The medulla being responsible for regulating our heart beat…

It would be a mistake to assume forced community service would have the same benefits. Correlation does not imply causation. One group performing a community service doing well is not evidence that all students will benefit. Volunteers are a self selecting group. Simply by volunteering they have shown that they have time, ambition, drive, money, and innumerable…

Traces of the Spirit: The Religious dimensions of Popular Music, by Robin Sylvan, New York University Press: New York, 2002. 291 pages. Reviewed by Christina Coulter. This book was chosen due to its interesting topic. Most of the music covered in class is more traditional music taken from various cultures around the world. This book, on the other hand, covers popular music in America. Its analysis has many interesting points on the effects of music that mirror what we have discussed in class,…

there are international studies that tells us that the U.S. is not as academically inclined as other countries, but who is to say sports are the reason? A few schools having eliminated or scaled down sports and noticed a correlation increase in grades does not imply causation. The United States’ international educational ranking could because we are spending to much money on fine arts teachers in high schools rather than math teachers. There are a wide array of reasons America could be behind…

implicit in the people who make and live in those cultures. Religion (mostly Islam) is more often than not blamed for the existence of a culture of rape and violence in the civilization of today. To a large extent, people use evidence which shows a correlation between the rape and violence and the religion of a place. Whenever sexual assaults or terror attacks take place, the violence is dismissed as “religious extremism”, and the followers of the…

Public officials and other critics raise concern about the role of media and culture particularly violent video games. At Ohio State University a controlled experiment took place where participants, like tens of millions young Americas that play video games including the widely popular Grand Theft Auto, were mowing people over, shooting police officers, and taking close aim at by-standers. After fifteen minutes of intense actions the participants were asked to answer questions, choose from…

497). In the past couple decades, in spite of the numerous experiments on the cause of Autism the cause is still largely unknown. Albeit, the large correlation of autism suffers and offspring heritability, with a sixty to ninety percent chance of heritability, strongly indicates genetic influence. The conceptual model goes beyond the debate of whether autism is environmental or genetic and focuses on how…