Coronary artery disease

In the United States, there are usually between 100,000 and 200,000 Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) ruptures per year. (Osborne. M, 2012) (Why do females injure their knees four to six times more than men…and what can you do about it?) (ucdenver.edu) An ACL injury is the most common injury in female athletes. Female athletes are more prone to having an ACL injury because of the lack of muscle strength and control of their (Chang. W, 2014; Joseph et al., 2014). This injury can lead to…

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide with approximately 600,000 deaths in the U.S. only. One of the major difficulties with heart diseases is the heart’s failure to produce new and healthy cells in a timely manner. Unfortunately, the heart lacks the ability to quickly generate new tissue composed of viable cells, leading to patient death. Cardiovascular progenitor cells (CVPCs) are believed to be highly useful in cell-dependent therapy aimed at heart diseases. CVPCs…

which we also call high blood pressure is a condition in which the force of the blood in the artery reached higher than normal. As the years have gone by, it has been found that lower and lower blood pressure are better for preventing some complications of high blood pressure. In kidney disease this is particularly true. Really low blood pressures seem to protect the kidney from further damage in many diseases. A normal blood pressure was 120/80, but in recent years the Red Cross has brought it…

Chronic cardiac failure can be defined as ‘a clinical syndrome that develops in response to a cardiac injury or insult that causes decline in the pumping capacity (contractile function) of the heart’ (Lymperopolous et al. 2013). Betty has been experiencing chest pain, a decreased appetite and shortness of breath indicated by her oxygen saturation levels and increased respiratory rate. Additionally, she has bilateral peripheral pitting oedema and has had a cough. These are all signs and symptoms…

Result of a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) of the middle cerebral artery which supplies Brodmann areas 312 and 4 in the left cerebral hemisphere A cerebrovascular accident is also known as a stroke. It is when the blood which flows to the brain is cut off, by a blocked or ruptured artery that goes to the brain, causing the brain not to receive enough oxygen and cells of the brain then die11. ?????? result of CVA on middle cerebral artery 3.2.2 Difference between a haemorrhagic and an ischaemic…

leaflet closure.[1] With studies suggesting that the MV is an active, dynamic structure that is susceptible to treatment, it is imperative to understand the types of diseases associated with these functional changes.[2] Mitral stenosis (MS) following mitral valve (MV) repair surgery for non-rheumatic regurgitant valvular heart disease is a pathology that is poorly understood. Currently, functional MS is defined as a mean transmitral pressure gradient (TMPG) of >5 mmHg or a mitral valve area…

Multiple Thresholds for Different Components of the Brain in Ischemic Stroke Perfusion Imaging Background The treatment target for acute ischemic stroke is to open the occluded blood vessel with thrombolysis. By opening the occluded vessel we can save the tissues at risk of conversion to infarct core which referred to as the penumbra. Nowadays with advanced imaging, clinicians are able to distinguish the penumbra and infarct core. If the penumbra is large and infarct core small (mismatch…

SUBDURAL HEMATOMA A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood below the inner layer of the dura but external to the brain and arachnoid membrane. Subdural hematoma is the most common type of traumatic intracranial leison. A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood outside the brain. Subdural hematomas are usually caused by severe head injuries. The bleeding and increased pressure on the brain from a subdural hematoma can be life-threatening. Some subdural hematomas stop and resolve…

system is to transport materials around the body with blood serving as its transport medium. Blood is contained and transported in hollow tubes known as blood vessels. The body has three main types: Arteries, capillaries and Veins. All arteries (with the exception of pulmonary and umbilical arteries) transport Oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. They branch off into smaller structures named arterioles which lead to the Capillaries. In the capillaries the blood exchanges…

There are many eye diseases and disorders, some mild to very severe. One example of a disease would be Macular Degeneration. Macular Degeneration is the deterioration of the central portion of the retina, known as the macula. This disease is the leading cause of blindness in people of the age of 55. There are two types of Macular Degeneration, dry and wet. Dry (atrophic), when small yellow deposits form under the macula, causing it the thin and dry out, leading to central vision loss. Wet is…