Continuum mechanics

In the organic disordered materials, the charge transport is occurred by variable range hopping (VRH) of charge carriers between strongly localized states [22-25, 30, 58-61]. The VRH model proposed by Vissenberg and Matters model that considers the hopping percolation of thermally activated carriers between localized states is the most model used for describing charge transport in the disordered organic semiconductors and modeling the electrical characteristics OTFTs [27, 58]. Indeed, the…

Could You…? Math Inquiry Pietro Could you run 0.8 kilometres in one minute? The fastest 100m sprint speed record is held by Usain Bolt , reaching the speed of 43.94 kph. 0.8 km is 800 meters. For you to run 800 meters in 1 minute you would need to reach the speed of Usain bolt speed: 43.94 x 800m= 35152 m/s. Though human endurance comes into play as well, as a person cannot run their top speed for more than 8 seconds. Usain Bolt was able to keep 95% of his top speed for 8 seconds during his…

Introduction This practical was an investigation involving the use of a tennis ball and a meter ruler. The tennis ball was held and dropped at a specific height above the ground. The height of the bounce was then measured. This investigation was carried out to find out whether the efficiency of the bounce varied with the height of release of the tennis ball. If the bounce were 100% efficient, then the tennis ball would have bounce off the ground and return to the starting height. Research…

Superfluid helium or He II is a macroscopic quantum fluid that exhibits extraordinary properties. %By applying the limit of low flow velocities, The behavior of the fluid can be understood using a Landau - Tisza model, where He II is considered to be a two-component fluid with independent velocity fields: the inviscid superfluid of density $\rho_s$, and the normal fluid of density $\rho_n$, where the total density $\rho$ = $\rho_s$ + $\rho_n$ \cite{Tisza,Landau}. The superfluid has neither…

Types of Spectroscopy used in Organic Chemistry 1.1 Introduction Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and light (electromagnetic radiation) (Crouch & Skoog, 2007). It is often phrased as the light of knowledge (Reusch, 2013). In the past, spectroscopy started by the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength by a prism (Anon., n.d.). Now, with the knowledge of light having both wave-like and particle-like characteristics, with given frequency or…

The Accomplishments of Jean Jacques Rousseau Jean Jacques Rousseau was one of the few people who could be considered as a jack of all trades. He was a philosopher, author, and composer, and he also dabbled in botany and mathematics. He produced many wonderful works in his lifetime and had made several important contributions to music, literature, and political philosophy. His professional success belied the difficult childhood that he had. His mother died a few days after he was born, and his…

Paper Bullets Experiment: Data Analysis The scientific question that was investigated by the paper bullets experiment asked, “Does the width of a paper bullet affect the distance it travels when it is launched?” The hypothesis that goes along with that question is, “If a paper bullet has a larger width, then it will travel a shorter distance than a standard paper bullet with a width of 4cm.” Variables in this experiment included independent variable (width of the starting piece of paper used to…

Science is intuitive. The tallest hill can be the shortest mountain. It is through our intuition that we come to know that the big ones are mountains and the little ones are hills. In some ways, the same is true for science. Science encompasses everything ranging from chemistry to archaeology, microbiology to astronomy. There are so many different aspects to science that it is hard to boil down to one concrete and concise definition. Science is involved with the study of the natural world. This…

Critical assessment of the article: Quantitative analysis by Auger Electron Spectroscopy 1 Introduction When the outer electron fills the vacancy left by an ionized electron in the inner shell, the released energy can be passed to another outer electron that causes further emitting of an electron with characteristic energy, this is the basic principle of the Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) [1]. Nowadays, AES is almost an indispensable tool in nanoscience research for its high surface…

The scientist, Sir Isaac Newton, helped to organize the thinking about forces by formulating three laws. In his book Newton describes his three laws of motion. Newton’s Laws are all around us. To prove this, you will conduct 14 different activities showing everyday examples of these laws. Lab Procedure You will start at a lab station and then move from station to station until you have completed all 14 activities. You will have 3minutes to do the activity at each lab station. Perform the…