Construct validity

positivist researchers is that of internal validity, in which they seek to ensure that their study measures or tests what is actually intended. According to Merriam (1998), the qualitative investigator’s equivalent concept is analogous to internal validity and deals with the question: “How congruent are the research findings with reality. However, according to the philosophy underlying qualitative research, reality is relative to meaning that people construct within social contexts. Frequent…

purpose, normative sample, reliability and validity of the CTOPP. The CTOPP is used to identify individuals ages 5 years to 24 years and 11 months, who are significantly below their peers in important phonological abilities. Due to the wide age range covered…

In summary, this research sought to understand how dynamic service environment challenges effect to an organization and how internal marketing can play important role in business model in the organization and how it can support service innovation and in last how value can be created by informed and motivated employees. The following chapters present a summary overview of the research program that was used to answer the research questions and sub-questions and testing hypothesis. 1.3.…

achievement domain’ (Elliot & Thrash, 2004, p. 958). That is, this construct refers to as the motive to avoid failure in evaluative situations (Atkinson, 1957; McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, & Lowell, 1953; Sagar & Stoeber, 2009). This construct thus is closely related to one’s goal orientation and motivation (Covington, 2000; Martin, 2010). It has been wisely agreed that fear of failure is not a unidimensional construct but a multidimensional construct (Conroy, Willow, & Metzler, 2002). Many…

There are 22 non-overlapping scales that contain four validity scales, eleven clinical scales, five treatment scales, and two interpersonal scales (ten scales are further divided into thirty-one abstractly distinct subscales). Most of the scales consist of 8, 12, or 24 items with a standard reading on the fourth grade level, which makes it easy for most adults to understand and comprehend. The validity scale measures Inconsistency, Infrequency, Negative Impression, and Positive…

While defining closeness as romantic intimacy is a possibility, Bahuguna overlooked the definition of closeness given by Aron and his fellow researchers. The operationalization of this conceptual variable is not only crucial for construct validity (Morling, 2015), but also sets the standard for the entire study. Aron et al. (1997) focused on attempting to create a short-lived, subjective feeling of closeness defined as, “an interconnectedness between self and other.” This was done by…

adverbs. The examples of corrections toward prototype 1 are described in Table 5 below. b. Expert Review In this phase, the developed product was evaluated by two experts who had different expertise namely expert of content (English) and expert of construct (instructional design). Each expert was given a validation sheet in the form of questionnaire. The items in the questionnaire contained different aspect to be reviewed (see Appendix 7). In the term of content…

Over the years, the fields associated with the mental wellbeing of people have gained significant momentum. Research related to psychology or mental health counseling have brought attention to the need for more in depth understanding of the constructs regarding a successful intervention or counseling relationship. Many researchers have attempted to explore the counseling relationship through different approaches, either qualitatively or quantitatively. Each approach brings about significant…

Evidence of convergent validity, which the authors refer to as "concurrent" validity (manual, p. 8), isbased on correlations between OQ(c) scores and scores on 10 other tests that measure similar constructs (e.g., BDI, STAI, SCL-90-R). Reportedcorrelation coefficients are satisfactorily high (in the .44-.92 range) and are, at least for the total score, generally in the expected direction. Specificevidence of discriminant validity is lacking. Also lacking is discussion/elaboration…

Introduction The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974) explores and measures the concept of androgyny using two factors: masculinity and femininity. The instrument has three subscales to measure the construct of androgyny: masculinity, femininity and social desirability (Bem, 1974). The original scale had 20 items each for these three subscales for a total of 60 items. Bem (1979) reduced the number of scale items to 10 for each subscale, maintaining two factors. Other researchers found…