Congressional Research Service

Philosophical Essay #2 In “Addressing Problems in Profit-Driven Research,” Intemann and de Melo-Martin explore the problems of profit-driven research in science. The authors also take the stance that feminist philosophers’ accounts of objectivity in science are helpful in minimizing or preventing conflicts of interest in scientific research. They claim that standpoint feminism is best able to promote research that attends to important public needs. In this paper, I will agree with Intemann and…

In this chapter an overview on the Bee Colony Optimization (BCO) method is presented. In the first introductory section the development of the BCO algorithm is given, with an overview on history of mathematical model based on discovered behavior patterns in bees in early 1940s. The aim here is to remind of first steps made in solving of optimization problems by BCO and what kind of changes were performed to obtain the current versions of the BCO method. In the second section two variants of the…

Philosopher Daniel Dennett coined the term Intuition Pump in referring to a thinking tool that challenges our intuitive ideas or inspires new ones. In his book by the same name he offers up many such thinking tools, claiming that “these handy prosthetic imagination-extenders and focus-holders permit us to think reliably and even gracefully about really hard questions.” Among the thinking tools that Dennett points out are analogies and thought experiments, both of which are the topics here.13…

In his article “Argument as Conversation”, Stuart Greene attempts to purpose the proper way to make arguments into intellectual conversation. Whether you are in class, or spending some time with family, arguments usually happen and are a unique part of everyday life. As Greene states in the article, “Argument is very much part of what we do every day; We confront a public issue, something that is open to dispute, and we take a stand and support what we think and feel with what we believe are…

Epistemological shifts in the study of childhood have contributed to a push for children to be seen and treated as active participants in the research process (Powell and Smith 2009). Greater involvement of children in decisions that affect them speaks directly to Cassell’s (1980) application of the Kantian principle to judgments of ethical adequacy in fieldwork. She suggests Kantian ethics--“that…

Creating a memorial can be complicated. When choosing a way to symbolize an important part of history, there are multiple factors that play an important role. A group or agency should consider the cost and properly symbolizing the event or person within the creation of the monument. The cost of a dedication is a necessary aspect. Jason Kosareff published a piece, ‘‘Cemetery Faces an Uncertain Future’’ in the Whittier Daily News. Kosareff presents, ‘‘If a cemetery was solid for development… the…

to write about for assignment #3. Even though I have completed other research assignments in the past this assignment gave some difficulty. Following the course content I was able to write a viable research paper on anthropogenic climate change, a subject that I am passionate about. When writing the assignment, I used skills that I learned in previous papers. I used prewriting when coming up with points of view for my research. The length of the paper gave me the most trouble since English is my…

directly to my hypothesis that Christian women are more likely to lose their virginity if they take a virginity pledge. When it came to my research process, out of the 11 women I interviewed, 8 of them had taken virginity pledges, and three of them had not. However, out of these 8 women, only 2 had kept their virginity pledge. Through this evidence and research, I was able to prove that when Christian women take virginity pledges, they are more likely to lose their virginity. However, according…

In chapter 11 “analyzing and synthesizing arguments” provides insight on how to analyze and synthesize an argument. When we analyze we ask questions like what’s the issues, who’s the audience, and most importantly what positon you stand in an argument. Once, that is finished then you would start to wrap everything with the counterargument. Now, you would look and decide if there is enough motivating factors such as interest, values, concerns, and priorities. To synthesize an argument you would…

journalist and recipient of a Santa Fe Institute Journalism Fellowship in Complexity Science- discusses the consequences resulting from the recent lack of peer-review, the portrayal of the scientific community due to these effects, and the true nature of research. According to Aschwanden (2015), one of the prominent contributors to the public’s lack of confidence in science is statistical manipulation and biases. This relates to O’Neil’s Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases…