Congestion pricing

is unlimited borrowing and lending at a riskless rate. The investor can decide to lend or borrow any amount of funds desired at the rate of interest equals to the rate for riskless securities. The eighth and ninth assumption of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is that it deals with similarity of expectations. Firstly, investors are assumed to be concerned about the mean and variance of returns(or prices over a single period), and all the investors are assumed to define the relevant period…

Alternative Asset Pricing Models Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) was developed by Stephen Ross (1976) as an alternative model to overcome some of the weaknesses that have been found in the CAPM. The APT is based on the Law of One Price. This means that if two assets have the same risk, theoretically they should have the same expected returns. If their expected returns differ, arbitrageurs would be able to create a long-short trading strategy that would have no initial cost, but would provide…

Profit rate for a hotel is its net present value divided by its cost. Company Background Marriott Corporation began in 1927 with J. Willard Marriott's root beer stand. Over the next 60 years, the business grew into one of the leading lodging and food service companies in the United States. Marriott's 1987 profits were $223 million on sales of $6.5 billion. See Exhibit 1 for a summary of Marriott's financial history. Marriott had three major lines of business: lodging, contract services, and…

The weighted average cost of capital, commonly referred to as WACC, is an important and widely accepted tool for companies to use. WACC allows the company to value future projects and the company as a whole by proportionately weighing each category of capital; because of this a firm’s WACC is dependent on the capital structure of the firm. Investors also use this tool to confirm whether or not companies are worth the investment risk. The higher the WACC, the higher the investment risk of a…

Variations in the cross-sectional stock returns drive abnormal returns from momentum investments (Choi & Kim, 2014). The Capital Asset Pricing Model explains such variations (Alhenawi, 2015). In the method of constructing momentum portfolios, past stock performance and expected average returns were found positively correlated (Jegadeesh & Titman, 1993, 2001). The correlation between winner returns and loser returns resulted in momentum profits (Alphonse & Nguyen, 2013). This section is an…

GORDON GROWTH MODEL INTRODUCTION The Gordon Growth Model also known as the Dividend Discount Model includes a methodology for computing the intrinsic value of stocks. It equates present value of the stock to the future value of dividends. FORMULA & EXPLANATION There are two basic forms of this model namely: • Stable Model Value of stock = D1 / (k-g) Whereby D1 = Expected dividend per share for the next year k = Required rate of return (can be estimated using the CAPM or Dividend Growth…

The diversification of investment and elimination of unsystematic risk can be achieved first by measuring the level of diversification needed. Diversification can be computed through correlation between returns and of the portfolio and the market portfolio. An absolutely diversified portfolio will correlate accurately with completely diversified market portfolio since only has a systematic risk. Portfolio performance measures are the most important aspects of the investment process. Performance…

Kenkel, Kerins, Kruse, Seifert 1 I. Introduction Kimi Ford, a portfolio manager at NorthPoint Group, was reviewing the financials of Nike Inc. to consider buying shares for the fund she managed, the NorthPoint Large-Cap Fund. A week before Kimi Ford began her research, Nike Inc. held an analysts’ meeting to reveal their 2001 fiscal results and for management to communicate a strategy to revitalize the company. Nike’s revenues since 1997 had ceased to grow from $9.0 billion, and net income had…

The three variance equation parameters such as ω, α, and β of GARCH-M model with different error distributions for all subset data were significant at 1% level with correct signs which provide evidence in favor of ARCH and GARCH effect. The significant value of ARCH term (α) implies that past stock price innovation influence on current volatility whereas significant GARCH parameter (β) suggest that current volatility of stock price is influenced by past volatility. For asymmetric models…

and risk are in advantages in the market. 3.2.1Quantitative Analysis Quantitative performance is the numerical measurement of this portfolios’ performance. We adopted Jensen portfolio performance measure which was originally based on capital asset pricing model, calculates the expected one period return on any security or portfolio. The formula for calculation is: The result is -4.03%, which indicates that our portfolio is less diversified and our portfolio is underperforming…