Congenital heart defect

structure and function of the cardiovascular system Blood vessels Arteries, veins and capillaries takes blood and nutrition to the muscles and back from the heart. Arteries take the blood that has O2 in it away from the heart under high pressure with a small diameter and it has thick muscular walls, and veins take the blood back to the heart under low pressure it has a medium thickness to it and a large diameter because it has valves to stop the blood flowing backwards. Capillaries is one cell…

The less common causes of the disease are congenital disease (born with or inherited), pituitary disorder because the pituitary gland is what controls the thyroid hormone production, pregnancy (some women develop the disease during or after pregnancy), iodine deficiency. You might be wondering what…

The mitral valve is the valve that regulates flow from the left atrium of the heart into the left ventricle. This valve is subject to a few different diseases and pathologies that affect its form and function. One of those diseases is mitral valve stenosis which is when the mitral opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle narrows and restricts the blood flow through it. The etiology, pathology and symptoms of mitral valve stenosis are well known and well documented which allows…

Heart failure is when the heart is too weak to pump blood efficiently, and cannot provide proper cardiac output that the body needs to maintain the body’s metabolic needs. Also, heart failure is when the heart muscle has become damaged and cannot contract and pump blood up and through the valves and out through both sides of the heart or the heart muscle has become too stiff. This process mainly relates to the heart muscles of the ventricle chambers. The ventricles are the main problem within…

Pros and cons towards Improving the Pre Preparation for Exercise Stress Test in Ischemic Heart Disease Patient. Option B: Practice Based Reflective Account. There is pro and cons towards improving the pre preparation for exercise stress test in Ischemic Heart Disease patient whether is necessary for them or not. Pros and cons is an arguments in favour and against certain decision, motion or course of action of the patients examiners. The pros and cons will determine the critical routine before…

from systemic venous return. As such, all systemic venous circulation will be directed to the Fontan circulation (except the coronary sinus which continues to drain into the right atrium and when the Fontan is circuit is fenestrated) bypassing the heart [31]. Many investigators believe that routine pre-Fontan cardiac catheterization is mandatory step to assess the single ventricle hemodynamic…

The kidneys can be a direct indication on how well the heart if functioning because of how hard they have to work. If the body needs more oxygen, then the kidneys produce the hormone EPO which triggers the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. If the kidneys constantly have to do this then it will damage…

Introduction Fontan and Baudet detailed in their article the first Fontan procedure in the early seventies [1]. Since then, the Fontan procedure has been applied for palliation of single ventricle (SV) patients. Multiple modifications of the original procedure were introduced to improve morbidity and mortality. Short and long term outcomes of the Fontan procedure were studied heavily by numerous investigators [2, 3]. Wellbeing of SV patients, following Fontan palliation, going into adolescent…

Heart Failure Heart failure, otherwise known as, congestive heart failure (CHF) occurs when the heart is not capable of effectively pumping blood throughout the body. Patients may experience unexplained weight gain, swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, and difficulty breathing due to fluid build-up into the body’s tissues (Funk & Wagnalls, 2016). Risk factors The most common risk factors of heart failure include narrowed arteries (atherosclerosis) high blood pressure, heart disease, infection…

pursue medicine for the paycheck, prestige, or simply to carry on the family business, my desire for pursuing a career in medicine has been driven by another motive entirely. The odds were one out of 15,000 and I was chosen — I was diagnosed with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) at the age of eight. CAH is a genetic disorder that affects the general health, growth, and development of the body. Not only does this condition involve the taking of daily medication for the rest of my life, I am…