Congenital heart defect

anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) is a heart condition that children are born with (congenital). The blood vessels that are supposed to carry blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart go to the right side instead. In a normal heart, blood returns to the right side of the heart from all over the body. The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, where the blood picks up oxygen. The oxygen-rich blood then flows to the left side of the heart through blood vessels…

Second degree heart block Second degree heart block is when "electrical signals between the atria and ventricles are slowed to a large degree, some signals don’t reach the ventricles" (Nihgov, 2016). This can be seen in a pattern or it may be random, it can also come and go, this is known as a "dropped heartbeat." There are two categories in second degree heart block, one is worse than the other and rarer. The more common type of second degree heart block is type I, also known as wenckebach's…

cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease, even in healthy asymptomatic individuals. Heart attacks and strokes are usually acute events and are mainly caused by a blockage that prevents blood from flowing to the heart or brain. The most common reason for this is a build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels that supply the heart or brain. Strokes can also be caused by bleeding…

Congenital aortico-left ventricular tunnel (ALVT) is rare and similar to ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. There are limited reports describing these rare entities and their associated surgical treatment. Between July 2004 and April 2016, three patients of different ages were diagnosed with aortico-left ventricular tunnel: two in infancy and one in adulthood. Diagnosis was challenging in all three patients. Surgical treatment with patch closure was successful in all three patients. Regardless…

Heart Murmurs and its Effect on the Body System Unusual or abnormal sounds that are heard during a heartbeat are referred to as heart murmurs. Murmurs can range from very faint to very loud and sometimes sound like a whooshing or a swishing noise. Although heart murmurs can be present at time of birth they can also be developed later in life as well. Heart murmurs are not diseases but can indicate an underlying heart problem. Normal heart beats usually make a “lub-dub” type of sound which…

The available technology points toward the use of lead/acid batteries to supply the power for ZEVs. The negative consequences associated with lead/acid batteries are numerous. For example, lead/acid batteries contain a large amount of lead. When the life of the battery is lost, the disposal of the lead within the battery must be dealt with appropriately. An analysis by researchers at Carnegie-Mellon found that the mass production of electric cars using lead/acid battery packs would exponentially…

Nanoparticles with Defects by Vladislav Ischenko,Sebastian Polarz,Dirk Grote,Victorina Sravarache,Karin Fink,and Matthias Driess. This paper discusses the importance of a nanoscale ZnO with defects in its structure. The article also provides a broad analysis of ZnO nanoparticles using a consolidation of techniques and the resulting data is summarised in this review. The paper gives the realization of when a nanocrystalline ZnO that is rich in defects could be obtained. The types of defects and…

Physiology Heart murmurs are aberrant heart noises that can be noted when using a stethoscope. Typically, these sounds come from the abnormal motion of blood amid cardiac chambers and across valves. As a result, turbulence occurs, bringing about “vibrations in the chambers of the heart or outflow vessels (aorta or pulmonary artery) that are detected as audible, low-frequency sounds,” (Klabunde, 2016). These sounds are different from the regular heart sounds that symbolize the closing of the…

Cardiomyopathy is a condition where the heart muscle is abnormal. The main types of cardiomyopathy include dilated, hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy makes it harder for your heart to pump and deliver blood to the rest of your body. Cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. But to science certain it is not known which is the cause that causes this disease only knows that there is a variety of this disease. Cardiomyopathy can be treated. The type of treatment you 'll…

drainage (PAPVD). It is a rare complex congenital anomaly characterized by abnormal pulmonary venous return of the right lung into the IVC or right atrium. It is usually diagnosed in childhood but it may be delayed until later in life when it is discovered incidentally (1). It is often associated with not only other cardiac defects including atrial septal defect,patent ductus arteriosus (2), hypoplasia of the left heart and aorta (3) but also lung anomalies like congenital right pulmonary…