Confounding

Theory of Mind: Cultural Similarities Across cultures, do children develop theory of mind at the same age? Callaghan, Rochat, Lilliard, Claux, Odden, Itakura, Tapanya, and Singh researched this question with children from Canada, India, Peru, Samoa and Thailand (378). Theory of mind was measured by a false-belief task that was slightly from that of past research. As explained in class, false-belief tasks measure a child’s ability to understand that people can have different and possibly…

School nurses can play an integral role in preventive health, including the prevention of obesity in children. The objective of this study is to determine if school nurses can successfully use motivational interviewing in counseling sessions with overweight students to decrease childhood obesity. For the purpose of the qualitative study, nurses were trained in motivational interviewing and children were selected based on age and their body mass index (BMI). By using the motivational interview,…

for certain categories. Also, they should have studied participants who only drank non-coffee caffeinated drink separately. The strengths of this study were the large sample size which was tracked for a decent period of time. Also, the impact of confounding variables was mitigated by excluding individuals who may have had pre-existing depressive symptoms from their cohort which improved the accuracy of the result. However, this study also had many weaknesses. It is hard to conduct blind…

Almost 10 years prior, a lady named Calvina was cutting her garden in Oklahoma when she felt something nibble her on the lower leg. It wasn't until later that a bothersome dull imprint showed up on her arm. The imprints started to spread over her body. Subsequent to going to a dermatologist for a biopsy, Calvina was told she more likely than not had an issue with her nerves. Different specialists credited the imprints to hypersensitivities. However, no medicines halted the peculiar imprints…

The next stop on our tour throughout Spain is in Segovia. This small city may seem like it doesn't have much and is painfully out of the way, but it does have a massive piece of history that absolutely cannot be missed. Not only does it have an ancient Roman aqueduct, but the ancient town of Segovia is also home to an enormous cathedral, a fairytale castle, and most importantly to me it is the birthplace to many very important quintessentially Spanish dishes. The town is so chock full of history…

Color is present everywhere, and is an essential part of human perception and human’s everyday lives. Color has been used as a catalyst for affecting human mood and behavior in marketing for centuries (Shabbir, Reast, & Palihawadana, 2009), been shown to affect communication and sway thinking (Gerend & Sias, 2009), affect human behavior, actions and reactions (Keskar, 2010), and even affect one’s physiological state through suppressing appetite (Ittersum, Koert, & Wansink, 2012). Needless to say…

The benefits and detriments to praising a child Praising a child, especially young infants and toddlers, is common in child rearing and is a seemingly automatic response to a successful behavior (Brummeiman, Thomaes, Castro, 2014). According to Brummeiman, inflated praise is often given to a child in an attempt to boost their self-esteem. Two studies, a naturalistic, observational study and a controlled experiment looked at the drives behind an adult’s provision of praise (Brummeiman et al.,…

types cannot be compared. In essence, the researcher, will be unable to determine the specific intervention type (ex. group therapy, or individual counseling, etc.), was it one intervention, a combination of either interventions or some other confounding variable that effected the change. According to Creswell (2005) as reported in Sheperis, Young, & Daniels (2010), a means of controlling the threats to internal validity is to counterbalance the crossover design. Essentially, randomly assign…

In Teo and Roodenburg’s study, Extensions of Cognitive Ability Assessment With Dynamic Testing Using Self-Regulated Learning, the Cattell-Horn-Carroll based cognitive assessment was used with testing and self-regulated learning in order to assess children with learning disabilities. The researchers hypothesized that children who receive dynamic testing using self-regulated learning would achieve enhanced cognitive performance in fluid reasoning, memory, and writing tasks at post-test compared…

Foster youth who age out of the system often do not attend higher education (Brandford & English, 2004; Wolanon, 2005). “Less than 11% of children that have been in the foster care system will go on to college…[and]… the Federal government also helps children who were in foster care in their teen years through the Fostering Adoption to Further Student Achievement Act” (Rowan, 2014). Despite receiving financial aid to cover the cost of education, many youth continue on after care to obtain jobs…