Confounding

This assignment will discuss the role and importance of ecological validity in psychological research. The assignment will draw on examples from Bartlett (1952), Loftus and Palmer (1974), Bandura et al. (1963), Skinner (1979) and Matsuzawa (2014), it will briefly summarise each study and discuss the role ecological validity played. Ecological validity in psychological research means the extent to which an experiment or study reflects everyday normal life situations or naturally occurring events,…

Participants The participants for this digit span stud consisted of 3 subjects from a large public University. The participants comprised of 1 male and 2 female students with their age ranging from 18-21 years old. With regard to deficiencies, the male student reported that he has color-blindness, while the two female students did not report any deficiency. Apparatus This digit span experiment was conducted in the Social Sciences Laboratories at UCI. All three participants carried out the…

confidence interval and will be using a Mantel-Haenszel chi square to assess OR validity. The formula to determine the MH chi square can be found in the appendix (Eqn2). The MH Summary OR (Eqn3) will also be used to determine whether there is confounding present in the results. This OR takes into account the different strata and summates them in this ratio (Robins et al 1986). Finally, an interactive chi square will be used through the Outbreak Calculator (Sawchuk) to determine whether the…

Coffee is the most common source of caffeine for people worldwide; consequently, overconsumption of coffee has become a concern (Gonzalez de Mejia and Ramirez-Mares 489). Because there is so much confusion about the effect of caffeine on the body, people generally assume that they should limit their consumption. However, recently, extensive research indicates that “coffee consumption may be beneficial” as it reduces the risk of certain cancers, type 2 diabetes, and liver disease (489-90). There…

I. What is an extraneous variable? Why are they considered problematic? An extraneous variable is an undesirable variable that has an impact on the independent and dependent variable in a particular study, often called a confounding variable (p380.) A confounding variable is presumed problematic because, it often times lessens the validity of a study. j. Develop a PICO question for the above…

thought that OSA is more severe in supine position and in REM sleep over non-Rem. According to the article, there are conflicting evidence about AHI for some studies did not find any differences of AHI between REM and NREM. Body position may be the confounding factor that answers all questions.…

As typical with most friendships, during the course of several conversations the subject of our childhoods aroused. To my surprise, mentions of my experiences growing up in a suburban New Jersey neighborhood produced incredulous gazes. Based on my descriptions, it was concluded that I grew up in “the Hood”. My friends were surprised that my personal conduct and philosophy did not overtly reflect my background in a manner they expected. “The Hood” is associated with all forms of…

According to graph, the survival curve of intervention group is above the survival curve of control group, which means, the higher rate of myocardial infarct in the control group. Thus, the intervention group has the better survival than control group.The hazard ratio is 0.57 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.87) Intervention the term intervention[T.Intervention] to the left of the results indicates that intervention=1 is the numerator of the hazard ratio. In this case, the hazard ratio is 0.57 which indicates…

EXSS 2025 Motor Control and Learning Experiment 4: Reaction, Movement& Response Time in Decision-Making Tasks I. Question 3: (i) Why are multiple repeated trials in each task required (ii) Why do we need to complete checks on the data (identify errors etc)? (iii) Why was there a variable fore-period between the start of a trial and the appearance of a stimulus in the tasks? (iv) Why was randomization necessary from Task 1b onwards? (v) Why was 80%(congruent) vs 20%(incongruent) split used in…

In the article, Happiness of Pursuit, Jeffrey Kluger discusses America’s ongoing strife with happiness. Kluger states that it is common for American’s to be ambitious in their pursuit of happiness. Unsure of the cause, Kluger explores different plausible reasons that could be attributable to the desire of happiness. Kluger's analysis ranges from influences of socioeconomic background, social media and genetic predisposition. He provides three different research methods: 1) surveys 2) experiments…