Confounding

Introduction Statement of the Problem During the period of drought California is currently facing and the lack of popularization of the general public, finding the most effective soil is imperative in maximizing results in agriculture. Definition of Terms In this experiment the following terms are defined as such: Growth: the amount in inches that a plant grows vertically. Soil: a natural dirt with no added nutrients, only minerals already located in the soil will be accepted and used. Plant:…

In this experiment it would be better to conduct a randomized experiment because the researcher can control the environment in it. For instance in a study where the researcher is trying to see the effects of conditioning, he or she can control confounding variables that could hinder the outcome of the experiment. 7. Here smoking would be called an interactive variable because if the women smoke the rate of heart attacks will in turn increase. 15. a) This study can not be randomized because it…

crash fatality. The authors point that they have many limitations in the study, hence the results could not be justified by reasons. The study concludes by pointing that big data and similar datasets is required to draw conclusive evidence and many confounding variables can affect the outcome of speed vs crash study [19] Najjar et al. [20] studied the impact of increased speed limit in Kansas by conducting a before and after study and concluded there is no significant increase in the crash rates…

impact the relationship between utilization of mammograms between rural and urban residents. These results were presented as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. After adjusting for confounding factors, the relationship between rural and urban did not remain significant. This suggests that these confounding variables have an association with utilization of preventative medical services, however this relationship is not explored further (Zhang et al.,…

Introduction Does American military presence abroad lead to an increase in anti-american sentiment? This paper will discuss this theory and propose an experimental research design to test it in the real world. Substantive Significance The substantive importance of this question lies in its relevance to the making of American foreign policy. While the United States remains the world’s preeminent power, international relations are becoming increasingly multipolar. The United States must work in…

Clearly, randomization is crucial to eliminate certain bias and have an accurate trial. 6. Explain how the intervention(s) in the treatment arm differed from how participants in the control arm were treated. In other words, what is the trial testing? Participants in the treatment arm were given 12.5 milligram Zinc Sulfate, whereas the participants in the control arm were given a placebo. The trial is testing whether Zinc Sulfate is beneficial to children who have Malaria or not. 7. Was the…

1. Introduction Since the 3rd wave of democratization in the late 20th century, there has been a number of democratic regimes which have experienced at least some degree of authoritarian backsliding (the decline of democracy). While research has focused on economic and institutional factors contributing to authoritarian backsliding, little research has focused on the social factors such as ethnic diversity. Ethnic diversity can be measured by the percent of citizens in a country that are not a…

provided greater discrimination than categorical scoring system did. Researchers were trained and were periodically retested to maintain interrater reliabilities greater than 0.9, which are objective measurement for minimizing measurement bias. The confounding factors- demographics data and severity of illness were collected and analysed by descriptive statistic. Hence, the finding “greater dental plaque scores confer greater risk for VAP particularly for patients with greater severity of…

Morgan claims that the ingredient in cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has psychotic-like and antigenic effects, whereas with cannabidiol (CBD) has anti-psychotic properties and is neuroprotective. Her hypothesis is that those who smoke cannabis that contains cannabidiol (CBD) regularly may be protected from long term psychotic-like traits and cognitive impairments. She analyzed the hair’s of 54 recreational and 66 daily users between the age of 16 to 23 years old to find the impact of CBD…

There was no logic provided that results obtained would have clinical or therapeutic significance because the reason for a short duration was the exclusion of the chronic nature of CTS as a confounding variable. However, not only did authors find both groups to be statistically comparable so the confounding variable effects would have been null, they also failed to recognize the reality associated with treatments: the condition is always a variable. Therefore, the article needed further…