Confounding

Studies that relate to negative life events have appeared regularly in the psychological, psychosomatic, sociological and clinical medical journals. So much so that the stress from the events have been transferred and correlated with aggravating physical diseases such as cancer and HIV. (Cooper, 1987 and Breet, Kagee & Seedat, 2014). Selye (1956), defined stress as a “general adaptation syndrome,” caused by an “organism’s response to stressful conditions or stressors, consisting of a pattern of…

and repeat English sounds with a level of exactness proportionate with their articulation capacities, before they are taught to make relationship between those sounds and specific letters. Different spellings of the same sound can be extremely confounding for ELLs, especially in the event that they have made them read direction in a language, for example, Spanish, which has totally customary sound-image…

many studies have taken a large scale approach, looking at trends across the United States. Stanger-Hall and Hall (2011) investigated the change in teen pregnancy rates as states implemented abstinence-only sex education. Even after accounting for confounding variables such as socioeconomic status or access to family planning services, they found that the increased emphasis on abstinence-based sex education was positively correlated with teenage pregnancy. This was shown on a national level, but…

The Land of Believe “The snow was high, the sky was blue, the Christmas decorations were set, and I was ready too.” They applauded for ‘Joyful Jamie,’ a second grader with a big heart and imagination. It was Christmas Eve and they were all at the fire sharing poems, stories, and -- only Grandpa -- Greek myths. All unaware that something, sooner or later, was going to come out of the chimney with a cacophonous sound. “Ok,” Grandpa says. “It is time for a holiday tradition,” he says, resting…

available to reconstruct networks from this widely available data format. My emphasis on the method of Bayesian networks (BN) has relied on their non-pairwise mechanism of inference that introduces effects of “third variables” as a way to control confounding. The vast use and development of BN provides multiple tools to model diverse complexity issues, such as their approaches to causality. Two types of interdependent network models are proposed: factor based and agent based networks. The…

not provide all the information that was needed for this experiment. The limitations on external validity were the need to explain the relationship between complex span tasks and the DSB. The strategies that were used to control for extraneous (confounding) variables were by checking for random answering patterns between…

high frequency of food skipped) (n= 577) were excluded. 35 subjects who did not return for an examination after baseline were excluded as well as 859 subjects who were previously diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. To minimize the effects of potential confounding variables, factors such as demographics, education, medication use, physical activity, smoking, and drinking habits were carefully evaluated at…

Broz & Sorin (2011) is a well-constructed comparative analysis of the impact of the level of nursing knowledge on diabetic outcomes across eight European countries. It finds that patient outcomes, in Type 2 diabetes care, are dependent on many confounding factors. The authors demonstrate that healthcare delivery systems in the various counties, although superficially similar, have wide…

As the world become more intertwined and complicated, competitions inevitably exist in almost every aspect of life. From the fear of being picked last in a gym class to the fear of being the last person to get a promotion at your firm, it seems to be inherit as a human being to dislike sitting in the last place. Kuziemko et al’s “Last-Place Aversion: Evidence and redistributive implications” suggests that people are generally last place averse and would more likely to gamble as long as there is…

The last borns are characterized as being spoilt and said to be ‘the baby of the family’, no matter what their age may be. The advantage their birth order bestows them with is that of never being dethroned, this is one of the reasons why they are frequently spoilt. Due to a lot of pampering by the parents and others in the family they may become dependent and selfish. In addition to this they also have difficulty obeying the laws and following leadership in general. Adler believed the youngest…