Confounding

Question 1: What makes the first study a case-control study? The first study is a case control study. According Leon Gordis in a case control study, to examine the possible relation of an exposure to a certain disease (cases) and, for purposes of comparison, a group of people without that disease (controls). In the first study the individuals with the disease who were smokers (cases) and individuals who were smokers with a different disease diagnosis (controls). Question 2: What makes the…

Although there is no preface, the purpose of Judith Flander’s The Invention of Murder is to present the various types of homicide during the Victorian era and discuss how murder has been perceived by people in general. Besides The Invention of Murder, Flanders has written various books that address the customs and leisurely activities during the Victorian era, such as Consuming Passions and Inside the Victorian Home, and therefore possesses extensive knowledge on Victorian life (“Biography”).…

Persians. Another hypothesis implies that the name originates from the Greek geo (earth); since when the Greeks came to Georgia they saw the Georgians working the land. The Classical world knew the tenants of eastern Georgia as Iberians, consequently confounding the geographers of times long past who thought this name connected just to the occupants of Spain. The Romans called it Iberi and the general population Iberians; The Slaves called it Iveria and the people groups Ivers. Greek myths and…

Previous studies have delved into the characteristics of social relationships at different points across the life span. Some research has focused on young adulthood (Lansford, Yu, Pettit, Bates, & Dodge, 2014) while others focused on middle-aged adults (Carmichael, Reis, & Duberstein, 2015), while others focused on older adults (Wrosch, Rueggeberg, & Hoppmann, 2013). The different studies that will be reviewed use socio-emotional selectivity theory (Carstenen, 1995) as a framework for examining…

Franco, Enders, Wilson, Gajic, and Pannu (2016) conducted a retrospective study that reviewed the patterns and results of rescue techniques used in patients that suffered from severe hypoxemia. The researchers defined severe hypxemia as the failure to attain enough arterial oxygen while on oxygen or because of an injury due to the change in pressure, barotrauma. The article stated that previous studies have studied the techniques used in the rescue of the patients, however, none of the studies…

human brain because of a French study. However, this study displayed differences only, and didn’t claim that the brain was negatively affected. Furthermore, there is no direct proof: only correlation is found, which can easily be impacted by a confounding variable. Opponents may go as far as claiming marijuana can cause death from overdose and cancer. Even if marijuana can cause death, which it clearly does not, let’s look at all the other drugs that have been proven to cause death yet are…

of the participants had cochlear implants and/or hearing aids. While these students had prior exposure to speech, the experiment was done without any auditory input. It is important to keep in mind that their prior access to language could be a confounding factor, but that the limitation of a more diverse participant group than desired is an inevitable consequence of studying such a small minority group. Omega-is-d1 matched video clips of Swedish sign language produced by a native signer to…

researchers to evaluate different types of stability in longitudinal studies. To avoid bias in research outcomes, sampling issues need to be considered more carefully as well. For example, in clinical studies of personality stability in order to avoid confounding personality stability with regression to the mean and other issues. The researchers also need to think more carefully about how the same dimension can be more or less stable across different levels of time. It would be useful to…

Lau et al, (2006), found that the artificial sweetener aspartame and flavour enhancer L-glutamic acid can act as a form of neurotoxin that could potentially destroy central neurons. These two chemicals overstimulate the postsynaptic excitatory membrane receptor, leading to higher level of neurite inhibition, which can be a potential risk factor for ADHD. Also the overstimulation of NMDA receptor is often associated with mood disorder like depression (McCarthy et al., 2012). Lau and colleagues’…

The dependent variable would be the question that the students were asked. The control for this experiment would be the students that participated in the case study there were around 60 students from the Southeastern University. There were no confounding variables in this experiment as…