Confounding

about updates on disease and practices for prevention. I now recognize the need to use credible research to inform patients and families of best practices. The research will be evaluated, ensuring that the study was large, that it addressed the confounding…

is that it acts as a powerful deterrent against capital crimes such as murder. However, empirically speaking, any causal relationship is highly dubious at best. The consensus in the social science community seems to be that there are far to many confounding variables to make any sort of meaningful determination in regards to the efficacy of the death penalty as a deterrent. As Durlauf, Fu, and Navarro discuss in “Capital Punishment and Deterrence: Understanding Disparate Results,” the moratorium…

The integumentary function decreases with age and the elderly, in particular, are susceptible to greater risks of impaired skin as their skin becomes more fragile and lead to pressure ulcer development. The purpose of this research study was to determine if there is a single factor that can explain the pressure ulcer risk, or if there is a complex interplay of factors that increases the risk factor for the development of a pressure ulcer. The research question that is asked is: “To identify risk…

I chose to research the effects of different factors on memory. In the key paper for the topic I selected, Lin Luo and Fergus Craik explain how certain aspects of working memory, such as the ability to manipulate items held in the mind, are disproportionately affected by aging (Luo & Craik, 2008). This aspect of working memory intrigued me because I remembered hearing an NPR segment, recently, that reported on some of the benefits of spending time in a natural environment, including lowered…

The extensive use of the measles-mumps-rubella MMR vaccine has allegedly overlapped with an increase in the frequency of autism in California. The measles virus used in the MMR vaccine is a live weakened virus that normally causes no symptoms or only very mild ones. However, wild-type measles can infect the central nervous system and even cause post infectious encephalomyelitis, probably because of an immune-mediated response to myelin proteins. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and…

Observing natural selection in nature produces generally questionable results with numerous confounding variables. Only witnessing results in a lab setting does not support a hypothesis either. The two tests conducted by Endler (1980) showed a result in a controlled lab setting that was again mimicked and supported by field-testing. The basis of the…

social order, continue to concentrate and magnify the power of race (Lόpez 192). Resultantly, race becomes common sense- a way of comprehending, explaining, and acting in the world. Lόpez clarifies, "Race may be America's single most confounding problem, but the confounding problem of race is that few people seem to know what race is" (193). This single quote speaks volumes in the context of this essay, because it shows how deeply engrained race has become in our lives, due to social…

Over the past 20 years, there has been a large increase of obesity rates in America. There have been multiple studies connecting this increase in childhood obesity to the overconsumption of sugar sweetened beverages. HFCS, otherwise known as High Fructose Corn Syrup, and sucrose, otherwise known as raw sugar or table sugar, are what has scientists and dieticians worried about the increase of childhood obesity rates in the U.S,. These sugars come from near the equator, and also all over the…

Cell phones have become such a staple piece in our culture in recent years that the act of text messaging during class is an occurrence that most students would be accustomed to. During the past few years, I have witnessed countless students typing out and sending text messages in the middle of a class. Although it seems like common sense that text messaging during class would have a more negative effect on grade rather than a positive one, I was interested to see if there was empirical evidence…

evidence of an association ( Bruce, Pope, & Stanistreet, 2008). Also, categorical data is required for chi-squared tests (Bruce, Pope, & Stanistreet, 2008). Furthermore, logistic regression statistical analysis may be applied to account for confounding variables (Pourhoseingholi, Baghestani, & Vahedi,…