Cone cell

where it targets multiple target sides which are lipid molecules on peptidoglycan and also teichoic acids that used by bacteria in cell wall synthesis. Teixobactin will form a stoichiometric complex by binding to a highly conserved motif of…

dvancements in Neuroscience How the brain works has been a topic that has interested me for many years. I have been intrigued by how thought patterns and behavior can be changed through retraining the brain. Even with the knowledge of how to retrain the brain, little has been known about what the brain looks like as it is working, but that is changing. Neuroscientists are performing research to discover exactly what the inner workings of the brain look like. One of the…

Down syndrome or trisomy 21 is caused by having an extra copy of chromosome 21 and it is a developmental disorder which means having three copies of each genes rather than two, this extra copy changes several characteristics and leads to physical and mental issues for the child. Anyway, what are the signs and symptoms of Down syndrome? Different complications at different times of lives may happen to people with Down syndrome as well as the signs of Down syndrome can vary from one person to…

Being able to craft a new organ out of a patient’s own cells that is guaranteed to be a perfect match and could be made to order, sounds like a beautiful, unmanageable fantasy especially to those like me who have watched a loved one go through the never-ending process of getting an organ transplant. Bioprinting could one day turn that seemingly impossible dream into a reality and completely revolutionize the world of organ transplants. I can imagine the years of my father having to deal with the…

the function of a channel that is used to move chloride ions in and out of cells. It specifically codes for a gene called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. If the gene is mutated, cells cannot effectively transport chloride ions which, in turn, affects the cells’ abilities to control the movement of water in tissues. This lack of capacity to regulate chloride ions and the movement of water within cells results in thick, sticky mucus that is dangerous to many of the…

Scientists have shown that there is a development in polyploidy, which means that you have more than two sets of chromosomes. As polyploidy is somewhat confusing, there is two articles of explanation on this subject. I want to start by explaining gene doubling in an easier sense due to its confusion. Polyploidy can occur when organisms self-fertilize or through sexual reproduction. Through research, it's said that this process can possibly create a new species after being done. Although,…

Biology plays quite a lot on personality, people can be more likely to develop certain personality traits because they inherited them genetically. That is what biological psychologist’s study’s. There is an entire field of science called epigenetics that is all about how changes in behavior due to experience can affect people on a biological level and cause changes in genetics across generations. It’s far from the only thing that influences personality but it plays the part. Heredity plays a…

Finger nails are made up of keratin protein (the same keratin found in hair), which is formed by amino acids, and produced by living skin cells. The main components that make up a nail consists of; the nail plate which is located at the top of the nail. It is held together by protein fibers. The nail plate needs blood flow, oxygenation, and nutrients to grow. This is why an injured nail sometimes turns bruised or falls off. Oxygen penetrates through the nail plate. The nail bed is the skin…

This week’s articles, Bovine Abominations: Genetic Culture and Politics in the Netherlands by Karen-Sue Taussig and Bodies, Commodities, & Biotechnologies by Leslie Sharp illustrate the “tie between genetics and identity” (Taussig 2004: 309). It is in human nature to believe that we all have a personality, thoughts, and emotions that make us human. Anything that is not of human origin is considered to be a tool for dehumanization. That is why this idea of xenotransplants and biotechnologies does…

Previous works have established that RA functions in the patterning of the anterior-posterior positional identities of central nervous system (Holland and Holland, 1996, Escriva et al., 2002, Schubert, 2004, 2005, 2006 and Koop et al., 2010). It can be depicted from the results that the p-test indicates a significant difference between the experimental and control subjects. This means that the retinoic acid, which was added to the experimental group only , have adversely affected the…