Conditional probability

genetic drift and gene substitution is mutant alleles, however the probability that these mutations become fixed in a population is not solely dependent on the advantageous nature of the allele, rather the probability of fixation is determined by the allele frequency, the selective advantage or disadvantage, and the effective population size. The probability of fixation for a particular allele is demonstrated by the equation where probability is equal to 1 minus the exponential of (-4Nesq)…

The organizational structure of a terrorist group determines its strengths and weaknesses and there are two categories of organization; hierarchical and networked. Groups associated with a political activity require a more hierarchical structure in order to coordinate terrorist violence with political action. Terrorist groups using the networked structure, are organized in cells so that the loss of a cell would not compromise the identity, location or actions of other cells or the organization.…

and uncertainty are always present for businesses and as a result management must be prepared for anything at anytime. In order to effectively identify risks and uncertainty a business must first simply identify them and then assess whether the probability of these risks and uncertain circumstances is high or not likely. In simply identifying the possibly negative outcomes, the business is able to learn what the risks are and also what the chances of them occurring are and this is a giant…

What you thought the answer was. My initial thought was to stay with my first choice because I had a 50/50 chance of winning the car since I already knew a goat was behind one of the doors. It was truly a baffling mind game and completely counter-intuitive. Information from the video what the answer really is. You have the opportunity to win a car hidden behind three doors. Behind the three doors are two goats and the car. After you choose a door, the host opens one door revealing a goat…

Table 1. The size of the expected losses as a result of risks impact on business reputation of Bank B Type of threats Frequency of losses emergence, % Size of the expected losses, mon. un. 1. Receipt of the credit according to fraudulent documents 1,333 8 316 521,2 2. Partial or complete loss of the credit pledge 15,09 94 145 765,5 3.Violation of an order of loan debt restructuring 7,549 47 097 838,5 4. IT systems failure 7,735 48 258 283,4 5. Shortage of money in ATM cartridges 1,28 7…

There are extant models that account much better for the extreme events in security returns observed over an amount of time than the black swan. These include having order of magnitude seen in the recent financial crisis. The probabilities are given by mixtures of probability distributions that account for degrees of intensity in the flow of economic events at different times. Case 2 Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study was to test Linneman’s trade rule and the Sharpe ratio.…

class is random to the nearness or nonattendance of whatever other element [13]. The Naive Bayes calculation depends on conditional probabilities. It uses Bayes' hypothesis, a recipe that ascertains a probability by numbering the frequency of qualities and blends of qualities in the recorded data. Bayes' Theorem finds the probability of an event happening given the probability of another event that has as of now happened. In the event that B speaks to the needy event and A speaks to the earlier…

Name Institution Professor Course Date Logic 1. Valid and invalid arguments A valid logic argument is has a condition that all premises are true meaning the conclusions cannot be false in any way. On the other hand, an invalid argument is the one that offers a possibility of its conclusion being false even if all other premises are true. Differences For the logically valid arguments, adding an extra premise do not have an effect on the conclusions, that is, if the conclusion is validly…

Sometimes agents return moves in kind, even when these actions are costly without present or future benefits for the reciprocator (Gintis, 2000). This conditional behaviour is called strong reciprocity. Though strong reciprocity applies to both direct and indirect reciprocity, there is very little evidence for strong indirect reciprocity. Social indirect reciprocity has been experimentally analyzed using…

Judgment is an opinion that is made base upon the way we perceive knowledge, as well as it also is a cognitive process of reaching conclusion through the involvement of reasoning and evidence. Instinctive judgments, however, perceives knowledge and knowing without conscious reasoning. Instinct is innate (Henly 218-219). When judgments are made instinctively, it becomes a natural reaction to a situation without involving conscious reasoning. Thus, instinctive judgment can be defined as a combined…