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first breast cancer gene to be identified; mutated forms of this gene are responsible for some cases of inherited breast cancer, especially those that occur in younger women. They are also a gene that are normal and that slow down cell division, they repair DNA mistakes, and tell cells when to die which is referred to apoptosis. When the tumor suppressor gene doesn’t work right, cells can grow out of control which can lead to cancer. Many of the families cancer syndromes are caused by inherited…

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic testing, should everyone do it? Shahrzad Eslamian Purpose: For a person with a positive mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2, the chance of getting breast cancer increases by 50-60 percent.1 This causes concern for some women and makes them take a BRCA1/2 mutation test to make sure they are not carrying this mutation. In September 2015, a research from UCLA was published that indicated some debate over whether or not testing BRCA genes is worth the cost.4 This paper will be…

studies that multiple genes are the possible risk factors for breast cancer. However, mutation of the genes relates to breast cancer because it is a result of critical genes growing and dividing uncontrollably, which are responsible for cell growth and repair damaged. According to Genetic Learning Science Center (2015), germline mutations are genetic changes that are inherited from a parent; thus, changes in the genes are influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors resulting to breast…

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome also known as BHD is a hereditary disease first described in 1977. Name of the disease came after last name of the three Canadian doctors that found the disease, Arthur R. Birt, Georgina R. Hogg, and William J. Dubé. The BHD was discovered in 1977 association with the skin lesions, but the connection with the lungs and the kidneys were not found until 2002. BHD is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that primarily affects the skin, lungs, and kidneys. Autosomal…

and lysosomal proteases (888). PARP is an enzyme that is responsible for repairing DNA damage, such as strand breaks. Cells that have undergone a traumatic cellular insult typically have damaged DNA. PARP will deplete cellular ATP in an attempt to repair the massive damage to DNA. Several proteases are activated by increased cellular calcium ion concentration that degraded important cellular proteins. (888) Necrosis is not nearly as regulated as apoptosis but there are a few steps that…

Tobacco use affects p53 gene which main function is to activates DNA repairs proteins and slows down the progression of a cell going from G1 to S stages. Radiation exposure damage the DNA because normally a person is exposed to a low level of radiation, but when exposed to a higher level, it damages it genetic information…

gene on the long arm of chromosome 17 at position 17q21, encoding the breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein, which is made up of 1863 amino acids (3). BRCA1 plays an active role in the regulation of all parts of the cell cycle, as well as DNA repair…

The development of thyroid cancer arises from mutations in either receptor tyrosine kinases or effectors involved in those pathways. In particular, papillary carcinomas generally have alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK). For example, RET stands for "rearranged during transfection." RET is expressed in high amounts from the C cells in the thyroid, and the RET proto-oncogene is activated by fusion of the RET TK domain with the 5′ sequence of one of different…

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic testing, should everyone do it? Introduction Cancer happens when the cells in the body grow out of control and make tumors. This procedure is organized by biochemical in different parts of the body. (7) Breast cancer is the most common cancer among all the woman and about 5-10 percent of breast cancers are heritable. (9) Mutation in BRCA genes is responsible for 25 percent Inherent Breast cancer. Breast cancer is affected by so many risk factors. Every year about 233,000…

Functions of protein TP53 TP53 has a general name called tumor suppressor protein p53. Tp53 has many names such as phosphoprotein p53, cellular tumor antigen p53, tumor suppressor p53, antigen NY-CO-13, or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53). Also, TP53 has also been referred to as the guardian of the genome [19]. In 1979, scientists first observed the gene by using SDS-PAGE and found it has a size of about 53-kilodalton (kDa). The location of the TP53 gene is at chromosome 17, at…