Complement system

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is also a chronic, progressive inflammatory disease that affects connective tissue throughout the body causing wide spread damage to organs and systems (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). A defining characteristic of SLE is periods of exacerbations then relief, which can occur suddenly or over time. Common assessment finding of an individual with SLE include a butterfly rash on the face, alopecia, and arthritis of the small joints and knee (Ignatavicius & Workman…

The respiratory system, urinary system, and digestive system make up the three maintenance systems, which aid the body by keeping the conditions of its fluids stable and constant. Each system keeps the body stable by adding and/or removing substances from the body. The respiratory system uses the trachea, lungs, tubes such as the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, and the diaphragm to transport gases into, throughout, and out of the body to maintain a stable internal environment. The respiratory…

Xenotransplantation is the process of transplanting or grafting organs and tissue between different species. As you’re transplanting a foreign organ not from the same species as you, this has many social and biological implications. Including the fact that there’s could be new viruses and pathogens passed over between species with the potential to cause a mass epidemic and kill of many members of a species. Also this procedure although been around for a long time it hasn’t had a very high…

dissolve the membranes around other cells--is made by Sertoli cells at the newly-developed head of the sperm and sealed in a protective coat.” When the sperm fuses with the egg, which also has undergone divisions within the mother's ovary, the full complement of 46 chromosomes will be present. Big amounts of cellular fluid within the sperm, called…

the TSMM. The accumulation models have also been applied to stress (e.g., allostasis model). The allostasis model states that the repeated and constant use of the autonomic, cardiovascular, and immune systems as a response to stress results in accumulation of allostatic load that can damage these systems…

Specifically, in this form of communication words are not utilized as some of the features used include gestures, touch, body posture, eye movement and facial expression among others (Phipps, 2011). Notably, body language usually complements the verbal communication whenever social interactions are necessitated. It is the case because it plays a pivotal role when it comes to the establishment of relationships between two parties as interaction is regulated (Ford, 2010). For misunderstandings…

Antibiotic sensitivity is the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics. Susceptibility can vary within bacteria of the same species due to different strains; with some strains being more resistant than others. Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a microorganism to survive and multiply in the presence of an antimicrobial agent that would normally inhibit or kill this species of microorganism. Antibiotic susceptibility tests are done in order to determine, which specific antimicrobials…

Immune Mediated Development of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy that presents with ascending motor weakness, sensory abnormalities, and loss of reflexes. Guillain-Barré syndrome can be divided into 4 major clinically distinct forms: acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), the Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), and acute sensorimotor axonal neuropathy (AMSAN). There are a…

T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte function” (Immune Deficiency Foundation IDF, 2016). The lymphatic system comprises of organs and tissue that produce immune cells and one of their main functions is to confer immunity to every part of the body. The function of the T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte in the lymphatic immune system cannot be overstressed as they make up the major responses that the immune system gives when it encounters a foreign antigen. Hematopoiesis is a process that involves the…

pathogen. Adaptive immunity means there’s resistance to a specific pathogen. Innate immunity is also known as nonspecific immunity. It uses the body’s own immune system for defense. Skin that is unbroken or intact is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens. The body’s own natural microbiota or flora is a secondary defense system. Our body’s second line of defense against pathogens is natural, killer cells, phagocytic whole blood cells and fever. The third and final line of defense for…