Complement system

Middle Ages lupus was mainly described as a dermatologic condition. It was not until 1872 that lupus was considered a systemic disease that presented with subcutaneous nodules, arthritis, lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, anemia, and central nervous system involvement.1 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of connective tissues, with multifactorial pathophysiology and heterogeneous clinical manifestations. The autoimmunity is conferred…

cirrhosis. It is imperative that these patients are started on anticoagulation at the earliest given the high mortality. Eculizimab is a monoclonal antibody used in the secondary prevention of disease known to act by inhibiting the activation of complement cascade system. Allogenic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation is considered for refractory…

Leishmania tropica evade the immune system? Leishmania tropica surface molecule glycoprotein 63 (gp36) is found throughout the parasite surface and has the potential to degrade immunoglobulins, complement factors, and lysosomal proteins (Olivier et al. 2005). Gp36 can cleave C3b into an inactivated form and C3bi will appear on the surface of the membrane and hinders the formation of C5 convertase (Gupta et al. 2013). It is also able to use C3bi to bind to complement receptor 3 (CR3); which…

The innate immune system is the defense mechanism that is activated immediately or shortly after the body is exposed to invading microorganisms.1 This system is quick in response and does not have a memory, meaning it doesn’t need previous exposure to the foreign microbe’s antigen before it can be activated.2 The adaptive immune system consists of antigen-specific immune responses.2 This system is slow in response because after it is exposed to an antigen, it needs time to process the antigen…

comes in contact with a material that is not endothelial it will result in the activation of the blood clotting cascade and the complement system. (Brynda et al., 2000) The activation of the blood clotting cascade (also known as the coagulation cascade) or the complement system can cause major complications following vascular intervention. The activation of these systems can lead to blood clotting and inflammation at the site of the medical device. This can result in occlusion of the vessel,…

The Bubonic Plague is a bacteria known as Yersinia Pestis that infects the lymphatic system causing it to become inflamed (Tonsils, Adenoids, Spleen, and Thymus). The bacteria needs calcium to grow but when there is no calcium it produces amino acids called aspartic acid. Aspartic acid raises the blood plasma level of aspartate and glutamate. This excess can lead to damage of sensitive neurons. It can also help generate cellular energy, balance neurochemistry, and help the liver rid the body of…

3. Why a malaria vaccine is required? When microorganism enter the body, the immune system fight these foreign antigens by production of T or B-lymphocytes that produces antibodies, which effectively neutralize foreign invaders. Human body take several days to produces antibodies, while microorganism attack and multiply in the body and produce serious illness before immune system can fit back, this is a reason behind the vaccine manufacturing and development (CDC, 20175; Sarkander et al., 2016;…

2012). In humans, platelets, erythrocytes, and monocytes show sensitivity to alpha-toxin (Berube and Wardenburg 2013). It is considered to form necrosis in the skin and toxicity in the nervous system (Los et al. 2013). The toxin is secreted by S. aureus in a monomeric form that binds to the eukaryotic cell membranes. On target membranes, the subunits oligomerize to create heptameric rings with a central pore, leading to cell death (Berube and…

identification of a boundary-maintaining entity or process” (p.7). A number of systems were noted and intertwined within the movie. Within each system, a different side of the individual was portrayed. Systems theory “describes human behavior in terms of complex systems. It is premised on the idea that an effective system is based on individual needs, rewards, expectations, and attributes of the people living in the system. According to this theory, families, couples, and organization members…

the invading microbe the immune system resorts to innate responses, or non-specific responses, such as fever, inflammation, pain in the joints, and occasionally irritation of the skin at the infection site. In the case of the Trypanosoma family the first stage consist of continuous waves of parasites in the blood also known as parasotaema. The immune system begins to target the protozoans and is able to remove some of them however, they begin evading the immune system through a process called…