Column chromatography

on to ensure homogeneous boiling. As the solution starts to boil, vapor containing the more volatile component travels upward through the column until the temperature gradient becomes too cool and it condensates on the side of the distillation column. The verticality of the column provides a surface area for the vapors to condense and flow back down the column until the temperature becomes hot enough for it to vaporize again. This process of re-condensation and re-evaporation continues until the…

Pollution is one of the most serious problems that affect our environment, and its effects on all life aspects are clear to everyone. Because of this, pollution is one of the most serious issues that all the word countries are concerned about. As time goes, the pollution problem increases and also the population growth increase. The increase in demand for water and food supplies place an increasing stress on the ground and surface water quality and quantity. One of the environmental problems…

‘Protein’ plays a vital role for our body as we cannot survive without it. Protein is an important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin and blood. It is also a macronutrient, means the body needs relatively large amount of it. Recently, almost everyone starting from the teenage ageto the age of 30-40 wants to stay healthy . There are bodybuilders too who are working hard to accomplish their goal, they ingest protein shakes. Since protein shakes fulfill the purpose of deliverying the…

INTRODUCTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN A designer drug is an analog of an illegal drug that has been modified structurally and/or functionally such that it can be sold in the US because the chemical structure of the substance no longer matches a known controlled substance (Wohlfarth 2010). People, especially teens, can purchase these “new psychoactive substances” (NPS) online and from friends, without an understanding of what they are actually taking. Deaths due to designer drugs happen, and…

Despite the practical and informative nature of the Williamson ether synthesis of 2-bromo-4-methoxy-phenoxy benzyl ether. This reaction was not conducted due to an error made in which the initial product was thrown away instead the actual second phase of this synthesis was the Williamson Ether synthesis of 4-methoxy-phenoxy benzyl ether. Figure 4. Williamson Ether Synthesis 4-methoxy-phenoxy benzyl ether ____________________________________¬___ In spite of this outcome there was still much…

Protein Purification Practical Report Student Name : Noel Murphy Date : 28 February 2015 UF/DF Practical Question Report Ultrafiltration (UF) and Diafiltration (DF) steps are carried out prior to every chromatography step and post the final polishing chromatography step. These UF and DF steps are vitally important, the UF step concentrates the protein product into a smaller volume of buffer, while the DF step alters the conditions the protein product is sitting in i.e. Buffer exchange.…

After starting with 30 mL of an unknown mixture of two solvents, fractional distillation and gas chromatography were used to identify the unknowns as acetone and toluene in a 1 to 2.04 ratio of acetone to toluene. Fractional distillation was first used to separate the unknown mixture into its components based on boiling point. Distillation refers to the method of separating components of a mixture through heating and cooling. Simple distillation, which is especially useful in the separation…

Esters have a very sweet fruity smell. Esters are commonly used in the preparation of artificial flavors or fragrances. Flavors and fragrances may utilize a single ester or a mixture of esters and other substances to duplicate the odor and flavor of a particular fruit. Naturally occurring esters are found in fruits. An ester is a product of the reaction of an acid (carboxylic acid) and an alcohol (the hydrogen of the acid R-COOH is replaced by an alkyl group R'). Esters mainly result…

1. Introduction Hydroxynitrile lyases (HNL, EC 4.1.2.x) are enzymes which mediate the release of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and aldehyde or ketone from cyanohydrins [1]. These HNL catalyse enantioselective synthesis and cleavage of cyanohydrins [2]. The cyanohydrins and their derivatives are finding wide applications in industries like pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and cosmetics since these can be readily converted into other important molecules like α-hydroxy carboxylic acids, α-hydroxy ketones…

[(Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography) or (HILIC)] and [(Food) or (Beverages) or (Drinks) or (Vegetables) or (Fruits)]. Fig. 2. Summary…