Coliform bacteria

The main lesion in chronic schistosomiasis represents a complex delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sequestered living, dying or dead ova, that are trapped in tissues during the peri-intestinal migration or after embolization in the liver. Soluble egg antigen (SEA) and proteolytic enzymes released by ova provoke granulomatous cell-mediated immune response, with recruitment of eosinophils, granuloma formation and liver fibrosis (Cheever et al., 2000; Wynn et al., 2004). In schistosomiasis,…

Seasonal influenza is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections that annually effect a large portion of the population. These infections typically range from mild to moderate in severity, however life-threatening cases can occur. Frequently, complications associated with influenza infections are due to secondary bacterial pneumonia predominately caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus (Rynda-Apple, Robinson, & Alcorn, 2015). Many efforts to resolve this pathology…

Wound is a case of injury that is often experienced by humans due to trauma with the occurrence of tissue damage. One type of injury is an injury caused by a sharp object such as a knife or a scalpel. Injuries can occur in diabetics. The Chinese castor plant (Jatropha multifida L.) has long been used to treat wounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gel preparation and transdermal patch of ethyl acetate extract of J. multifida L. sticks to the length of wound closure, the…

different forms such as Streptococcus pneumonia, which is a type of bacteria. Another cause of bacterial pneumonia is the Haemophilus an influenza type b (Hib). We have the respiratory syncytial virus type which is the most common viral cause of pneumonia. Then we have pneumonia in infants infected with HIV called Pneumocystis Jiro ve ci. There is various way pneumonia can be spread. It can be spread through inhaling the bacteria or the virus to the lung, via air-borne particles such as a cough…

Macrophage responses to foreign material may be size and geometry dependent. Macrophages are master phagocytic cells which scour the body for foreign materials that they phagocytize and destroy. Naturally, macrophages can effectively phagocytize materials which are less than 10 μm. When material size increases (10-100 μm) single macrophages can no longer phagocytize them, instead a giant multinucleated cell called a foreign body giant cell is formed from the fusion of several macrophages in an…

Phage therapy could prove as an effective alternative to antibiotics. Phage is similar to antibiotics in the sense that it can destroy a bacterial infection but differs in the fact that the bacteria cannot develop resistance. As bacteria attempt to develop resistance to phage the phage counters by also evolving and mutating [5]. Another benefit of phage therapy is that once a phage has been applied to a bacterial infection it won’t stop until every single bacterium…

common infection are shown in their patients, as there is no accurate diagnostic testing for bacterial infections. Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics through overexposure. On the other hand many people believe that the prescribing of antibiotics is important. It keeps the disease at bay and ensures a healthy population. (Anon, 2016) Antibiotics are substances that kill bacteria or stop their growth. They don’t work against viruses, as viruses live and reproduce inside cells. Penicillin…

Introduction- Styes and chalazions have been a topic of personal interest to me since the day I woke up and discovered a bump on my eyelid. The unnerving experience led to visits with my optometrist and a referral to an ophthalmologist and a need to know more about a condition I knew relatively nothing about. In my case, the bump on my eye was a chalazion, which led to confusion on what the difference was from my self-diagnosed stye. Styes and chalazions are in many ways similar, particularly…

discrepancies regarding recommendation about the case drying location and position. Some optometrists recommended contact lens cases be stored away from the toilet/ bathroom. Studies have shown that the aerosol effect of toilet flushing results in airborne bacteria and virus, it can settle down on…

Have you seen parasites in the mouths of striped bass you have caught on Lake Lanier? What you are seeing is most likely a parasitic copepod of the genus Achtheres. Achtheres is a parasitic copepod that infects the gills of freshwater fish and is most easily visible once they mature and move into the fish’s mouth. For those that haven’t seen them, mature adults resemble a small white dot (less than 1/8”) with what look like legs. Those ‘legs’ are actually the egg sacs of the female parasite…