Cofactor

A. Defining Reaction Mechanisms and Catalyst Structure The methane-to-methanol reactions that we aimed to evaluate consist of four critical steps starting from the initial reactants (CH4, NH4+, oxo): C-H activation followed by a hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) from CH4 to form some combination of the hydrogenated complex, ammonium or ammonia, and a methyl radical; a radical rebound (RR) to form a methanol adduct and ammonium; methanol dissociation from the metal; and catalysis regeneration via…

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the various chemical reactions that happen inside our cells. For the enzymes to function well, they need to be in an environment with a specific set of conditions, other than that it will lead to the denaturation of the enzyme or will render it completely inactive. There are a lot of factors that impact enzyme activities, but in this experiment we examined the effects of 4 different factors which are temperature, Ph level, addition of the inhibitor…

Things All RNA Epigenetics can do: Variegated structural, catalytic, regulatory activities, translation of genes to proteins Variegated RNAs to interact with other cellular machinery (DNA, Proteins, etc.) in specific ways Alteration of RNA structure which in turn, leads to alteration of protein bindings and cellular effects Affect gene expression by activating or silencing it Controls transition from pluripotency state to differentiation, which allows different types of cells to be made and…

The catechol estrogens can give rise to semiquinones and o-quinones by any oxidizing enzyme or transition metal ions such as Cu2＋ or Fe3 [66, 67, 68]. ROS including superoxide anion radicals and hydroxyl radicals is generated when semiquinones are converted to o-quinones and o quinones are reduced back to catechols and semiquinones. These metal ions and hydroxyl radicals are responsible for oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins [69, 70]. Sulfation of E2 leads to decreased hormonal…

Cellular Respiration takes place on the level of the cell, inside the mitochondria. This is the process of breaking down food in the presence of oxygen to form ATP. ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate which is an energy bearing molecule found in all living cells1. Things such as bacteria can perform this with their outer membranes. When a person runs, they use cellular respiration to create energy in the form of ATP which allows their muscles to move. Many other energy-consuming reactions of…

There is a variety of blood groups and antigens present in different human bodies, which depend on either polymorphism or inheritance. Blood grouping has a clinical significance, for example; we need blood grouping in cases of transfusion to avoid incompatibility, which often leads to blood clumping and agglutination then eventually death of patients, not only that but they are also important in pregnancies in cases of maternal fetal incompatibility. Each blood type has its own advantage like…

platelets. Plasma is the fluid compartment of the blood; it carries ions, minerals, nutrients, gases, hormones and antibodies. Ions and nutrients are necessary for normal biological processes in the body since this act as substrates, coenzymes or cofactors which drive the chemical reactions occurring at the molecular level. Hormones induce different effects…

Direct methane activation into chemicals and fuels can be compared to converting lead into gold, as methane is an inert molecule with few methods of selective transformation. Methane is a ubiquitous byproduct with the potential to create more efficient chemical syntheses and replace the current petrochemical feedstocks through less expensive and more readily-available alkanes . C-H bond activation frequently occurs at transition-metal centers , often with high selectivity and trivial conditions.…

The digestion process begins when we bite into our food. We chew our food so that we can break it into smaller pieces, which make it simpler for the body to digest. The following four layers create the esophagus: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and tunica adventitia. Collectively, the mucosa and submucosa build elongated folds. During digestion, the esophageal lumen is occupied with the food and liquids we swallow. However, when we are not swallowing, the elongated folds work to close…

A. Significance Copper is one of the most abundant transition metals in the human body and its redox characteristics make copper an important cofactor in many enzymes. Copper containing enzymes are important for tissue generation, synthesis of neurotransmitters, and catalysis of the electron transfer reactions.1 Because of its diverse functions, copper homeostasis deficiency is linked to many diseases. A prominent example is Wilson’s disease with a prevalence of approximately 1 case in 30,000…