Cofactor

HALDANE RELATIONSHIP AND ONE-WAY ENZYMES  INTRODUCTION: Most of the enzyme catalyzed biological reactions are reversible in nature. However, an enzyme may prefer to catalyze the reaction more efficiently in one direction over the other under given physiological concentrations of substrate or product (substrate in the reverse direction). An enzyme favouring a virtual unidirectional catalysis of an overall reversible reaction can’t escape the laws of thermodynamics. As a catalyst doesn’t change…

1. Introduction Hydroxynitrile lyases (HNL, EC 4.1.2.x) are enzymes which mediate the release of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and aldehyde or ketone from cyanohydrins [1]. These HNL catalyse enantioselective synthesis and cleavage of cyanohydrins [2]. The cyanohydrins and their derivatives are finding wide applications in industries like pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and cosmetics since these can be readily converted into other important molecules like α-hydroxy carboxylic acids, α-hydroxy ketones…

1. Where and when was the first case of Zika virus infection reported? (10 pts) In 1947 Zika virus was first isolated from a monkey coming from the Zika forest in Uganda1. In 1952 first human infections were reported in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania1. Reference [1] The History of Zika Virus." World Health Organization. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2016. 2. What are the common symptoms of Zika virus infection (Zika virus disease)? (10 pts) When a person is infected…

vitamin D), antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E), and mediators of cell signaling and regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (e.g. vitamin A). The largest number of vitamins (e.g. B complex vitamins) function as precursors for enzyme cofactor bio-molecules (coenzymes), that help act as catalysts and substrates in metabolism. When acting as part of a catalyst, vitamins are bound to enzymes and are called prosthetic groups. For example, biotin is part of enzymes involved in making…

General Introduction Dietary lipids: Dietary lipids consist of a broad group of compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water. Their density is lower than water and consistency varies from liquids to solids at normal room temperature, depending on their structure and function. They are also referred as ‘Oils’ which are liquid and ‘fats’ which are solid at room temperature. Lipids are the important constituents of diet due to their higher energy value. One gram of lipid…

2.1. Artificial Insemination (AI) : Development of techniques for successful. .freezing of spermatozoa has progressively evolved over the. . Past 60 years (Kucuk et al., 2014). At the starting of 20th century Ivanov started studying on artificial insemination (AI) of sheep’s, where Ivanov’s .studies on extenders and reproduction resulted in the development and the practical application of AI in farm animals, reviewed by (Bohlooli et al., 2012). AI provides. .many advantages to farmers and…