Cofactor

Human Vitamin B-12 (HVB-12), is naturally found as a multifaceted chemical structure of all vitamins known as cobalamin because cobalt is a part of its chemical (Pawlak et al., 2013). Thus, cobalamin itself is a member of cobalt compounds known as corrinoids, it is referred to as cobalamin (Pawlak et al., 2013). This is an example of a water soluble vitamin, cannot been store by the human body. HVB-12, assists nervous system and functioning of brain boost (Criag, 2010). Commonly found in animal products such as shellfish, poultry, eggs and milk (Craig, 2010). HVB-12, is vital at assisting in forming healthy red blood cells and normal neurological synthesis (Allen, 2004). Compromise of memory loss, fatigue, irritability, and depression are concerns observed from those who suffer from small relative B12 deficiency (Lee et al, 2004). Individuals begin to notice an impaired sense of touch, appetite loss, smell and diets low in VB-12 result in anaemia (Andres et al., 2004). In life-threatening cases, deficiency of HVB-12 can cause psychosis (Pawlak et al., 2013). Characteristically, people who do experience more energy and an improved memory loss when VB-12 becomes a regular part of their diet (Pawlak et al., 2013). On regular basis, VB-12 should be monitored in vegetarians (Craig, 2010). This is because health aspects of vegetarianism should be considered in a possible damaging effects arising from VB-12 deficiency. Vegetarians have a lesser intake of VB-12 than do omnivores (Li,…

Introduction What are enzymes and how do they affect reactions? Enzymes force reactions, in cells, to maintain a speed necessary for life. Enzymes can also be considered catalysts because they require the reactions to arise faster without themselves changing. For this experiment, the substrate in the enzymatic reaction was sucrase, and it will be causing sucrose to change resulting in the following equation: Sucrose → Glucose + Fructose Where the arrow is in the equation indicates the enzyme,…

Coffactors Abstact Chemical reaction are a part of every ones life there no dening it this fact. But is there a way to increase these reations and make processed like reasperation and metablolism faster. That is exactly what cofactors are beleived to do, increasing the rate of reaction. In this experirment lactase, ONPG, EDTA, and phosphate buffer are used to determine wether or not cofactors really increase the rate of chemical reation. To measure the reaction a spectrometer will be used.…

Along with our initial observations, we calculated the change in absorbance for each tube, which can be seen in Graph 1. Calculating the change in absorbance better allows us to compare each tube to better understand which cofactor is needed in this enzymatic reaction. When referring to the data collected in our experiment, the main trend seen is that of either a positive or negative change in absorbance depending on the cofactor being tested in that tube. The change in absorbance was calculated…

Enzymes are biological molecules that are responsible for the many metabolic processes that sustain life. Enzymes need specific conditions in order for the reaction to occur. Temperature, pH level, and the shape and size of the substrate are all limiting factors. One of the most common digestive problems, lactose intolerance, is due to the absence of the key enzyme lactase. This enzyme is produced in the small intestine where it is secreted during digestion. While most mammals stop producing…

in temperature and pH can denature an enzyme, therefore terminating its action as a catalyst. “ For more than a century, the activity of enzymes has been related to their structure; the lock-and-key” and “induced-fit,” hypotheses have suggested that the structural interactions between enzymes and the substrates play a role in enzyme catalysis” (cite). Many enzymes consist of protein and non-protein (cofactors) compounds. Cofactors are classified as inorganic substances that are required for and…

antibodies, or inhibitors, when treated with the missing cofactor VIII and IX. As a result, research on inhibitors has become very important. The incidence of antibody development in people with hemophilia is between twenty percent and thirty percent [5]. Developing inhibitors after providing the missing cofactors makes the treatment less efficient. Introducing missing cofactors FVIII or FIX would not make a significant difference in the patient’s body if the patient has developed inhibitors. As…

pH can cause the amino acid to lose its charge. At low pH there is more negative charges on the amino acids found in Arginase. Under these conditions it is possible to shield the negative charges with metal ions. This is why testing Arginases cofactors has been carried out at a lower pH (Voet, Voet & Pratt, 2013). The calorimetric assay has shown that the base line specific activity at pH 5.6 is 10.8 mol min-1 mg-1.. Comparing this to the other experiments shows that both Cd acetate and MnCl2…

Regeneration of enzymatic cofactors is the most limiting technical challenge of employing biochemical synthetic reactions for industrial chemical manufacturing. Consequently, requirement and the high cost of these cofactors has limited, isolated biocatalysts for production of fine chemicals. We strived to engineer a drop-in, cofactor regeneration technology, circumventing limited use of isolated biocatalyst for consumer chemicals. Presented here is a biologically engineered artificial organelle…

Zinc is a trace mineral that is necessary for growth, healing, and overall health. It helps more than 100 enzyme systems. It is used in metabolic reactions in cells. Zinc aids in immune system function, the growth of bone, teeth, and connective tissue, and gene regulation. Meat, fish, and poultry contain the best-absorbed form of zinc. However, fortified cereals and legumes also contain zinc. Zinc can also be consumed by taking a supplement. A deficiency in zinc can cause growth…