Clandestine chemistry

WHAT IS FORMALIN? Formalin is the trade name for an organic compound made by formaldehyde and water. It has the chemical formula CH2O and its chemical structure is as shown in figure.1. Uses: Formaldehyde is used mainly in the production of plastics (such as urea-formaldehyde plastics which is used in many manufacturing processes due to its useful properties such as flexural modulus, and a high heat distortion temperature, high surface hardness, low water absorption, high tensile strength, mold…

Abstract: Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a technique of eradicating metal by an electrochemical procedure. It utilizes an electrolyte and electrical current to ionize and eradicate metal atoms. Electrochemical Machining is a relatively ancient machining system which basis were laid way backside in the 19th century. The process has enhanced extremely everlastingly since, thus becoming an extremely defined practice with gigantic limitless application possibilities across engineering. In this…

Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. It involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions and the spontaneity of processes. The structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics. Starting from the first…

Sodium alginate (SA) is a natural anionic polysaccharide obtained from sea weeds. It contains β-D-mannuronate (M) and α-L-glucuronate (G) residues linked by (1-4)- glycosidic linkages (Fig. 7.1) and arranged in homopolymeric blocks of each type and in heteropolymeric blocks [1]. It is a water soluble polysaccharide and has pKa values of 3.38 for the ‘M’ and 3.65 for ‘G’ units [2]. It can form complexes with positively charged polymers due to its anionic character. It is utilized as emulsifier,…

The goal of this lab was to conduct the reaction of 2-methyl-2-butanol with HCl to form 2-chloro-2-methylbutane, and to understand Sn1 and Sn2 reactions, in terms of how they are different and why one is more likely to happen over the other. The OH group in 2-methl-2-butanol is attached to a tertiary Carbon, meaning the reaction should occur via Sn1, a two-step reaction, and Cl should replace the OH group, to form a tertiary halide. HCl was added to 2-methyl-2-butanol and then several…

Name: Ifeolutembi Fashina Student Number: 13335535 Lab Partner’s Name: Ifeoma Agu Demonstrator: Maria Inorganic Chemistry Experiment 3: The Identification of Unknown Samples Objectives The experiments were carried out in order to identify 15 samples, through their physical and chemical properties. Theory A precipitation reaction is one which produces an insoluble salt as product. An example would be; Ca(NO3)2 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + 2HNO3 The calcium salt is insoluble. Precipitation reactions…

Hooge’s relationship is an empirical relationship based on a large collection of data obtained for flicker noise in semiconductors and metal films. According to this model, the PSD of flicker noise is given by, S(f) = γHV 2 Ncf α Where Nc = ncΩ is the number of free charge carriers in the specimen,nc is the charge carrier density and Ω is the volume of specimen.γH is the Hooges constant, a parameter which characterizes the noise levels of a particular system. The initial value of gamma is…

The purpose of this experiment was to learn techniques to determine the freezing point of a pure benzophenone, a solvent. Furthermore, methods for determining the freezing point depression in relation to the solute, cyclohexanone, concentration were employed in addition to learning what molality is and how it related to the colligative properties being studied. These objectives were achieved by melting both pure benzophenone and benzophenone/cyclohexanone solutions (two solutions with…

[Chemical Engineering Lab Practice 4] EXTRACTION OF BENZOIC ACID Candidate’s Name: Raajeswari A/P Radahakrishnan Student ID: SCM-023562 Group Member’s Name: Angela A/P Gunasegaran Shubashinee A/P Murugan Lecturer/ Supervisor: Ms Nazlina & Dr Ong Chi Siang Date of Submission: 13 October 2015 1.0 ABSTRACT This experiment is about extraction of benzoic acid from kerosene by water droplets that was conducted on 6 October 2015 with few group of students. The main purpose of…

Capacitance properties of electrodeposited polyaniline films on stainless steel substrate. A.A. Al-Owais1,I. S. El-Hallag2, M.A. Ghanem3 1,3Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh ,SA 2Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt Abstract. Polyaniline (PANI) thin films were successfully synthesized from a mixed solution of 1M aniline and two different concentration solutions of H2SO4 on a stainless steel substrate. The…