Citric acid cycle

calcium carbonate is dissolved in a known amount of hydrochloric acid and is then titrated against sodium hydroxide. An orange colour will be observed at the end point. This experiment is a success as two results obtained from the experiment were relatively close furthermore, an average of 21.50% of calcium carbonate obtained is close to the literature value of 20%. 2. Introduction There are several…

In Experiment 12B we used an umpolung reagent in an umpolung synthesis to synthesize benzoin from benzaldehyde. Umpolung synthesis is a synthetic approach that allows us to switch the identity of a reacting species. For example, the normal chemical reactivity of a nucleophile can be switched to one of an electrophilic compound. Two common agents are cyanide and thiamine (Vitamin B). The mechanisms for both agents are the same. In this experiment, thiamine was used to turn benzaldehyde, an…

Lowry independently expanded the Arrhenius acid definition into one of his own. The Bronsted-Lowry acid is a molecule or ion that is a proton donor. Lewis's definition emphasizes the role of electron pairs in acid-base reactions. A Lewis acid is an atom, ion or molecule that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond. Each theory agrees that an acid is a substance that is dissolved in water and is separated. Although…

DETERMINATION OF STOMACH ACID NEUTRALIZATION USING ANTACIDS Authors: Alexxis Harris Constance Doty Brandon Hokenson Gavin Hunt Melissa Munoz Affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to identify which antacid is the best at neutralizing stomach acid. Antacids are commonly used self-prescribed medications. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, which has a…

Discussion Fold purification was calculated from specific activity. From sample A to B there was the addition of MgCl2 which denatured some proteins that were removed in the pellet. The second step of purification was even more successful with a 4.1 fold increase in purification, it was achieved by denaturing the non-recombinant E.Coli proteins. The Second step was much more beneficial to the total purification but the combination of the two steps achieved an even better purification of 4.6…

The experiment goal of the lab is to determine the concentration of acetic acid (CH3CO2H) in the commercial white vinegar brand. Procedure and Data Statement The complete experimental procedure is available in the General Chemistry Laboratory Manual for CSU Bakersfield, CHEM 211, pages 60-61, 64-65. Experimental data recored on the attached data pages 62-63, 66-68. Discussion…

Using qualitative analysis, two cations in an unknown solution was identified. After repeated mixing, centrifugation, and decanting, lead was confirmed in Part A and barium in Part B. In Part C, different colored flames of metal species were observed using cation flame tests. Formula unit, total ionic, and net ionic equations were then composed for the identified cations. If the experiment were to be repeated, step 13 could be ommitted as barium was already confirmed in step 12 with the…

concentrated sulfuric acid in the first step? The purpose of using concentrated sulfuric acid is to activate the reaction of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride and produce the acetylsalicylic acid, which is aspirin. The sulfuric acid is used to protonate oxygen atom of a carbonyl group of salicylic acid. 2. What would happen if the sulfuric acid were left out? Removal of catalytic acid from the reaction would slow down or not proceed at all because the phenol group on salicylic acid is not…

Introduction This accuracy lab of titration report experiment will discuss how to find the unknown substance molarity. By using some of the lab equipment to help guide and identify the molarity of the unknown substance. I believe that it will take around three hundred drops of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for it to be able to reach to its endpoint of the unknown substance. My reason behind my hypothesis is… Methods In this lab experiment we use a buret to…

REFLECTIONS FOR LAB 4- FRICTION Lab 4.1 to 4.3 is about all the different frictions. We did 3 different labs. 4.1 was pulling a block across different surfaces and finding the difference in friction. 4.2 was about pulling multiple blocks across different surfaces and finding the difference in friction. 4.3 was about pulling blocks but in a bigger surfaces area. In Lab 4.1 we had to pull different blocks across different surfaces. The surfaces were a tabletop, wax paper, paper towel, fine…