Circulatory system

keeping us ready for anything, almost like a flight or fight instinct. In this day and age, stress can get in the way of peoples busy lives, and with long-lasting stress, it starts to affect not just the mind, but for the body as well as the immune system. Stress can activate hormones, for example adrenaline, which prepares the body and mind for a survival sanitation.…

Chapter 1 Atherosclerosis Structure of the normal artery: Cell types composing the normal artery: Endothelial Cells: The endothelial cell (EC) of the arterial intima constitutes an important contact surface with blood. It plays an important role in vascular homeostasis. This blood compatibility is due to presences of heparan sulfate proteoglycan molecules on the surface of the EC. These molecules can serve as a cofactor for antithrombin III, which inhibit thrombin. The surface of the EC also…

The human body is composed of muscle which are responsible for body movement. Muscles in found in the human body attach to the bones of the skeletal system, in a human body there are “700 individual muscles that make up part of a person’s weight and the muscular system. Each of these muscles are separate organ which are made up of skeletal tissues, nerves, blood vessels and muscle tissues. Muscle tissues are found throughout the human body, inside the heart, the blood vessels and the digestive…

counteract blood loss, the blood functions through its clotting factors in order to block out blood going out from the system through the injury or puncture of the blood vessels. The clotting factors will undergo a cascade of events leading to thrombus formation which will clot on the site of injury and block the blood. This function may have a drawback of impeding blood flow in the system because of excess clotting. For this problem, the blood also functions through its own fibrinolytic and…

Measurement of diffusing capacity (DLCO) One of the most clinically lung function test is diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO). In addition it's known as the transfer factor of the lung for CO (TLCO). This test measures the capability of the lungs to transmit gas from inhaled air to the pulmonary capillaries in the red blood cells and to determine the efficiency of the lungs to exchange gases. The indication of using this test is to recognize the cause of hypoxemia and…

glycolipids or carbohydrate; this depends on the system of blood group. The blood group is inherited and has contributions from both parents. The International Society of Blood Transfusion or ISBT recognizes a total of 35 human blood group systems. ABO and RhD antigen group systems are the most important ones. Someone can have A, B, AB or O group with + or – representing RhD antigen status. In 1900 Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system, but Jan Jansky is one credited as the…

Mechanical Ventilator is a life support system that mechanically assist patient in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It can also be called as artificial respiration system. Mechanical ventilation can help or support complete breathing, depending on the patient’s condition. Anyone who have problem in breathing normally, or having chronic diseases may require mechanical ventilator. It also includes patients suffering from spinal cord injury, stroke or any other disorders. Rapid growth in…

Normal function of Respiratory System The function of the respiratory system is to provide the entire body with oxygen while simultaneously getting rid carbon dioxide through the process of ventilation (Shoopman, 2015, p.513). The respiratory system is split into two different sections: the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract (Appendix A). As air enters the body, it first passes through the upper respiratory tract, which consists in the order of the mouth and or nose,…

About the size of a large fist, heart is made up of cardiac muscle, myocardium, with skeletal muscle-like striations. It has two upper atria & two lower ventricles separated vertically by septum, and four main valves with which the blood makes its directional flow into and out of the heart. Deoxygentated blood with which the blood flows into and out of the organ. Deoxygenated blood enters through the venae cava fills the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV) through the tricuspid valve.…

The cardiovascular system operates our body by distributing and circulating blood to parts of our body. The blood in our body contains red and white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. Those are then distributed through the body to the pulmonary circulation. The human heart is the engine of the pulmonary circulation (Farley,2012). Blood is then delivered to our heart. Waste from the cells of our body is removed and blood is distributed to our vines (Farley, 2012). Therefore when we engage in…