Cingulate cortex

cluster of brain cells in the basal ganglia and filters thoughts; it is also an important part of managing habitual and repetitive behaviors. The prefrontal orbital cortex affects social behavior. This directly relates to the need to be neat and meticulous as well as the fear of acting in a way that is deemed socially unacceptable. The cingulate gyrus contributes to the need to perform compulsions to relieve the anxiety caused by the obsessions. All of these areas are directly affected by…

“Someone Like You” by Adele, “Yesterday” by the Beatles, and “Wake Me Up When September Ends” by Green Day all have two distinct commonalities: they are all considered sad songs, and they have all been within the top 10 on Billboard’s “Hot 100” chart—“Yesterday” and “Someone Like You” remaining at #1 for multiple days. This is quite the paradox and raises the question: if humans generally desire to prevent sad experiences and associations, then why are some people attracted to sad music and why…

Introduction Attention Deficit hyperactivity Disorder, commonly known as ADHD, is one of the most diagnosed disorders in childhood with approximately 5% of children in the United States receiving a diagnosis of the disorder. (Schroeder & Kelley., Pg.1) Through a literary analysis of the disorder and prior research on the subject, we bring together a clearer picture of ADHD and their interpersonal relationships. Biological Aspects of ADHD ADHD is predominantly a hereditary disorder. In most…

needed and greater detail to isolate various pathways these disorders act on. Although MDD is complex and interacts with many different neural networks, the main brain area that is currently targeted for stimulation by neurosurgeons is subgenual cingulate cortex Area 25 (Cg25). Aside from being located in an area of the brain that is dense with other neuropathways such as the limbic system, (which controls appetite sleep and circadian rhythm), Cg25 is liked to self-esteem, decision making, and…

Schizophrenia is a very different experience for everyone and it is especially different between men and women. There are many ways in which these difference can be seen. The hormones in men and women can impact the effects of schizophrenia differently for each party. There is also a gender related difference in the white matter structure of the brain for early onset schizophrenic patients. Thirdly, the response to antipsychotic drugs varies between males and females. Another way that gender…

Stress model focuses on the idea of an allostatic interaction between negative and positive reinforcement throughout stages of addiction. These opponent processes start at the initial drug intake and, in the long run, results in the hypofunctioning of dopaminergic neurotransmitters, such as D2 and dopamine, but increase in stress chemicals including corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)(Johnson et al, 2016). These changes were said to be the effort of the brain to counteract the hedonic effect of…

The human microbiome project The Human microbiome project was the first step into research about bacteria that is present in the human body, and the association with disease. The project was launched in 2007 and was set out to be a five year program. It was funded by the United States National Institute of Health (NIH) however it involved many specialist from many countries worldwide, the original funding was around $115 million. The main purpose of the project was to analyse “how changes in…

The goal of cognitive therapy is to expose the patient with OCD to the stimuli that bothers them and then teach the patient to respond to the stimuli in a more positive way than their compulsions would incline them to do. One of the most important factors of cognitive therapy is the relationship between the client and the therapist (Phillipson, n.d.). There are multiple aspects of a therapist-client relationship that affect the efficacy of therapy including “1) level of comfort; 2) confidence in…

On September 11, 2001, The United States changed forever. On that morning four planes were hijacked and flown into three of the United States largest and important buildings. Two of the planes had flown into the Twin Towers, the stars of New York City. The other plane hit the Pentagon in Washington DC, with the last plane crashing into a field were the passengers did not allow the plane to get hijacked which was heading for The White House. The Twin Towers had around 17,000 people in them when…

In the next section, I make a novel argument in defense of Levy’s position that circumvents objections like these. Rather than focusing on how deficits in mental time travel diminish moral responsibility, which will necessarily rest on a number of controversial premises, I focus on how these deficits might diminish legal responsibility, specifically, the penological justification for retributive punishment. I argue that if we hold psychopaths fully blameworthy for harming others, then we are…