Cingulate cortex

part of the brain is called the cerebrum. The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres, which develop from the forebrain. The hemispheres have the cerebral cortex which contains ten billion nerve cells. Underneath is the brainstem, and behind that is where the cerebellum is. The outermost layer of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex is divided…

The Central Nervous System is the most important organ system in the human body because it is how we control our body. It consists of the spinal cord, nerve cells, and parts of the brain (Organ System Skit). “The nervous system takes in information through our senses, processes the information and triggers reactions, such as making your muscles move or causing you to feel pain” (How Does the Nervous System Work? NCBI). In addition, when the body wants to move, the brain sends a message to the…

single cell basis throughout hand-grasping and facial emotional expression tasks. Evidence of individual neurons that respond both to the execution of a task as well as the observation of a task is most strong in the medial frontal cortex, as well as the medial temporal cortex. This research also observed an interesting excitation and inhibition pattern at the individual cell level that they propose may act as a mechanism for maintaining a self-other distinction during both the observation and…

One of the many diseases caused by faulty cell-to-cell communication is Alzheimer’s disease. This disease causes many cells in the brain to die. Therefore, as more and more of the cells die, it causes the brain to shrink. What causes the brain cells to die, which then causes the brain to contract, is the unusual twist of the protein called tau. Tau is a protein in the brain that delivers nutrients and other important elements to the brain cells. The effect of the twisted protein inhibits the…

Positron emission tomography (PET): is an anatomically based measurement that utilizes small radioactive tracers that are able to identify and determine glucose and metabolic levels within the organs of the body. This type of tomography could be used in a concussion assessment to determine the metabolic activities and glucose levels of the brain, as these levels are important and often become altered following a concussion. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): is an anatomically…

various areas of the cortex and projected information to the primary motor cortex via thalamus, thus fine-tuning a movement (19). It was also believed that the Basal ganglia was involved with the inhibition and selection of action commands (19). These views suggest the involvement of both cerebellum and Basal ganglia(BG) in purely motor function. But that is not the case, recent studies have found a connection between the BG and cerebellum and projections from these areas to the cortex through…

ACTH-1-39: Product Description ACTH 1-39 is a synthetic polypeptide hormone that consists of 39 amino acids. ACTH 1-39 is commonly referred to as Adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticotrophin, or ACTH. The molecular formula for ACTH 1-39 is C207H308N56O58S1 and a molecular mass of 4541.11 kilo Daltons. The structure of ACTH 1-39 corresponds to the full-length structure of ACTH. The natural Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is naturally synthesized by the anterior pituitary gland and its release…

Neurodevelopmental disorders are disorders wherein impairments in neural development lead to deficits in various cognitive and/or social abilities (Reynolds & Goldstein, 1999). Historically, researchers have often assumed that human cognition is served by numerous “modules”, each of which performs a specific cognitive function. It is typically argued that each module is supported by a specific brain region whose evolutionarily-defined characteristics confer neural properties that facilitate…

IV. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy Another major facet of sports-related concussions is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) as it’s considered to be a gradual neurodegeneration due to repeated mTBI (Gavett et al., 2011). Since there are many high-contact sports (such as football, hockey, boxing, etc.) as well as high chances of accidental injury in non-contact sports – repeated head injuries are very common (Gavett et al., 2011). This is another reason sports-related concussions…

The cerebral cortex is formed up of overlapped and intertwined gray matter in the cerebrum of the brain. It is associated with the superior brain functions, coordination of sensory information, the capability to gain knowledge, the consciousness of being able to receive memory, along with the expression of originality, therefore playing an essential part in our consciousness. The cerebral cortex consists of very small layers of cells composed of billions of neurons as well as their endless…