Chronic kidney disease

rib cage, one on each side of our spine known as kidneys. Every single day kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood and produces around 1 to 2 quarts of urine. These fist sized organs are very important because they help to prevent the buildup of wastes, regulate blood pressure, help our bones to stay strong, makes red blood cells, and keeps electrolytes balanced. We need our kidneys to remove waste and toxins from our bodies. When your kidneys suddenly stop filtering out waste products…

Overview Cystitis is a type of urinary tract infection that causes inflammation in the bladder. The infection is typically caused by bacteria that normally exist within the gastrointestinal tract. After stool is passed, some microorganisms continue to linger around the anus. Sometimes these bacteria make it to the bladder by passing through the urethra. Because they tend to thrive in the environment created by urine, it is not unusual for them to multiply quickly and cause an infection as they…

Introduction Kidney stones, or Nephrolithiasis, is a very common health problem that has been increasingly affecting a higher number of Americans each year. (4) Kidney stones are small and hard deposits that are most commonly made up of mineral and acid compounds and vary in the size and shape of the stone. Kidney stones are four times more likely to occur in men than women, explained by a theory that female hormones can prevent stones, as well as in people of older age and those with…

Gallstones are formed when a chemical imbalance in the bile chemical makeup occurs and roughly effects about 10-15% of all Western adults.4 In the human body, the gallbladder produces bile which is made up of components of not only bile salts and phospholipids but also cholesterol. When the liver secretes an excessive amount of cholesterol or an increase consumption of salt and water, build up of cholesterol occurs in the gallbladder forming a gallstone. Often, gallstones are small enough to…

- MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE SEVERE TOXICITY (MDX): Patients who present more than 36 hours (“late”) after acute acetaminophen ingestion may have significant liver injury and even liver failure (INR greater than 1.5, acidosis or encephalopathy). Intubate patients with altered mental status and resuscitate hypotensive patients with crystalloid and adrenergic vasopressors. Treat coagulopathic patients who are bleeding with fresh frozen plasma. Patients with renal failure may require renal replacement…

Introduction Urethrotomy is a surgery to treat a section of the urethra that is too narrow (urethral stricture). The urethra is the tube that moves urine from the bladder out through the tip of the penis. Urethral stricture makes it difficult or painful to pass urine, and can increase your risk of having more frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs). The goal of surgery is to remove urethral stricture and restore the normal flow of urine. Urethrotomy is performed by passing a thin tube with a…

Legalizing organ sales There are two facts that one must come to realize when it comes to the donation or selling of organs. First, there are over six-thousand people waiting for viable organs in the United States and Second, there are over three-thousand people a year getting their much-needed organs in other countries without a waiting list. The only difference is in other countries they are getting their organs via the black market. The non-legalization of buying and selling organs cause the…

Clinical Feature Polymyositis is one of a cluster of muscle diseases recognized as the inflammatory myopathies, which are categorized by chronic muscle inflammation convoyed by muscle weakness. Polymyositis is defined as is an uncommon connective tissue ailment. It is a kind of inflammatory myopathy, which is categorized by muscle swelling and weakness. The most obvious characteristic of polymyositis is feebleness of the skeletal muscles, which control movement. Causes To date, no reason of…

The disease of the lungs, COPD, can be traced back to the 1600’s. It was the year 1679 when Swizz physician, Bonet, defined the disease as “voluminous lungs.” About a century later Italian anatomist, Giovanni Morgagni, termed cases of the lungs as “turgid.” A series of illustrations of the emphysematous lung putting forth the pathology of the disease was published by Baillie in 1789, thus emphysema was known to be a part of COPD early one (Mandal 2013). Over the years, Chronic Bronchitis became…

Care Plan for Mrs. Mary Jane: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patient Initials: __MJ____ Age: _____65 yrs._______ Sex: _____F______ Subjective Data: Client Complaints: Mrs. Mary Jane complaints of persistent dry cough for two weeks, fever for two days with highest oral temperature of 101F. She also complaints of poor appetite. History of Present Illness: Mrs. Jane has had episodes of persistent dry cough with fever in the past. She had persistent dry cough and shortness of breath…