Chromosomal translocation

Recombinant DNA is genetically engineered DNA that is formed by splicing fragments of DNA. Organismal cloning is the artificial creation of a new organism that is genetically identical to its counterpart. DNA cloning is a recombinant DNA technique where cDNAs and fragments of genomic DNA are inserted into a cloning vector and maintained during growth of the host cells. Vector is an agent that transfers genetic material into a cell or organism. Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes that find…

Introduction: An important category of issues in medical science is the diagnosis of diseases, which is based on various tests on the patient. Cancer is the second most common non-accidental cause of mortality in the world. Today, cancer is one of the health problems of the world, and it costs a lot of research every year around the world, this is despite the fact that the third cause of death in our country is "cancer." Unfortunately, the wrong way of life has led to the emergence of cancers…

Mixed contamination of PAHs and metals occur ubiquitously in the environment, but their combined toxicity to humans and other organisms are not fully addressed. The data from epidemiological, animal and in vitro studies indicated the nature of interaction between PAHs and metals varies from synergism to additivity or antagonism. In this chapter, the combined toxicity of PAHs and metals on toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic endpoints, and possible mechanism of actions were discussed. In addition,…