Chromatography

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Extraction using Different Solvents The grounded Ixora coccinea and Beta vulgaris plant samples were extracted using the following solvents: Acetone, ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate. The absorbance was noted to select the best choice of solvent for extraction. Inference Acetone, ethanol and methanol showed higher values. But, the dye extracted from acetone and ethanol did not fix to the fabric properly. So, methanol was selected as solvent for…

4. Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) [26] The identification and quantification of components of traditional TCM by chromatographic analysis (HPLC) is one of the major challenge. As TCM is a complex matrices in which all the constituents plays specific role for the overall efficacy. So the analysis of all the constituents synchronously is necessary to quality control the TCM. So the new technique UPLC is used for the quality control of the TCM. 5. Multi-residue analysis of…

catalyst and methanol batch transesterfication is applied to sunflower oil for the production of biodiesel. The biodiesel was characterized and then conducted using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), bomb calorimetry, sulphur content tests and Gas Chromatography (GC) and acidity and flash point…

Step 1 - Synthesis A mixture of compressed CO2 and ammonia under 240 bar (g) pressure is reacted to form ammonium carbamate. This is an exothermic reaction, and heat is absorbed by a boiler to produce steam. The first reactor achieves 78% conversion of the carbon dioxide to urea and the liquid is then furthurly purified. Then, the second reactor receives the gas from the first reactor and recycles the solution. Conversion of carbon dioxide to urea is approximately 60% at a pressure of 50 bar…

A His-tag is a sequence of approximately six histidine residues that is usually attached to either the N- or C- terminus of the protein being targeted (Loughran and Walls, 2010). The purification process usually uses immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) (Kaplow et al., 2009). In this technique, metal ions such as Ni2+ are immobilized on a resin that uses iminodiacetic acid as a chelating agent (Terpe, 2002). The His-tag binds to the metal ions in the column due to its high affinity…

Egyptian Cats and Mummification In ancient Egyptian times, cats were the first domesticated animals around 4000 years ago. However, the history goes further with humans. There is proof of wild cats around the whole country of Egypt, especially near the banks. In 2000 BC, cats that were considered to be fully domesticated were brought into households in Egypt. The first domesticated Egyptian cats in Egypt were used to chase off animals and creatures, such as snakes, bugs, and other types of…

ether, ethanol, and water). The preliminary phytochemical outcomes revealed that flavonoids and other glycosides as active constituents in ethanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia. The ethanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia was undertaken column chromatography with dissimilar solvent fractions. Two compounds were isolated from ethanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia…

Fleming observed that the growth of staphylococci had been inhibited in the area immediately surrounding the mold, suggesting that the mold secreted an antibacterial compound (Figure 3). The compound was isolated in 1939 through alumina column chromatography by Sir Howard Florey and Ernst Chain. In 1941, Florey and Chain investigated the clinical use of penicillin to combat bacterial infection in humans. Albert Alexander was the first patient to be treated with penicillin for a Streptococci and…

Funny how things go sometimes , what was once used against witches of time are now used (BY) witches of this time ..there is archaeological evidence for a variety of Early man that they made charms and spells designed to ward off malevolent witchcraft. "The ritual of superstition was recognized and very potential for study", these studies provides an overview of pre-christian periods , whereas the cunning folk used these practises . Even in Paganism , witches were considered evil , even by the…

In this assignment I am going to identify the factors which can limit the rate of photosynthesis. There are three main limiting factors to identify these are: •Light intensity •Carbon dioxide concentration •Temperature The photosynthesis process uses more than one factor to achieve maximum capability. " Its rate is limited by the factor which is closest to it minimum value" Pass My Exams. Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis. Available: http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/b…