Cholinergic

tissue in the organ bath of Tyrode’s solution (37°C) was atropine, which exhibits a competitive antagonistic property, and has an antagonizing effect on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (Araki et al., 1976). Atropine is a non-specific anti-cholinergic antagonist drug that functions as a blockage of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and furthermore blocks the nicotine-induced responses (Cuthbert, 1963). Functioning as an antagonist, atropine binds to the M2 and M3 with…

in Psychopharmacology examined the effects that galantamine had on patients with Alzheimer 's disease and concluded that people treated with galantamine have improved cognitive function ( Ellis et al, 2009). This is because galantamine enhances cholinergic function by restricting acetylcholine-degrading enzyme, AChE, and the binding sites of nAChRs. There was a 27% increase in verbal learning and language in some patients with this treatment. However, galantamine failed to enhance other…

Antipsychotic Medications and the Treatment of Psychotic Disorders Since 10,000 B.C. the presence of psychosis has been recognized and treated, using numerous tormenting practices and inhumane interventions. However, it was not until the early 19th century did society classify psychosis as a mental health disorder, instead of labeling it as a demonic possession and began using Asylums, “The Whirling Chair/Bed,” and Benjamin Rush’s “Tranquilizing Chair,” to treat psychotic patients. As society…

Insulin, one of the most important peptide hormone in the body, which plays significant role in maintaining the blood glucose level in the body. Under certain physiological conditions such as pregnancy, the body mechanism changes due to elevated levels of certain secretory factor like leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, TNF-α, plasminogen activator and testosterone (McLachlan et al., 2006), which produces certain adverse effects, insulin resistance being the most prominent one, where the…

Introduction According to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition—DSM-IV), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by a depressed mood for a large portion of the day, and occurs almost every day. There is a noticeably decreased interest or pleasure in more or less all activities (anhedonia). Some of the symptoms vary from person to person. For example, patients may experience a dramatic increase or decrease in weight and appetite may either increase or…

The Prostate Gland: An Overview: Anatomy: The prostate gland is shaped as an inverted cone in which the apex is pointing downward, the base is referring upward, and the midgland is sandwiched in between. In an antro-posterior view, the gland lies with its long axis parallel to the anterior rectal wall. It is bordered superiorly by the bladder (ventrally) and the seminal vesicles (dorsally), and inferiorly by the urogenital diaphragm (Jung and Westphalen, 2012). The prostate is separated from…

documented in patients with blunt trauma.[] [] Indeed, with the electrocardiogram and CK-MB as screening tests, the detection of myocardial contusion has increased from the detection of myocardial contusion has increased from 7 to 17 percent in patients with blunt chest trauma. However, false-positive elevations of the CK-MB isoenzyme can also be seen if the total CK is greater than 20,000 unites; this can occur after massive body injury.[][] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Categorization of…

Sertraline. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter responsible for controlling fundamental physiological aspects of the body. In the central nervous system (CNS), serotonin has a key role in regulating sleep, appetite, sexual desire and mood, also some cognitive function, including memory, learning and depression. Individuals who suffer from major depressive disorder are associated with decreased availability of serotonin or inefficient levels of serotonin. In addition, suicidal patients have…

It seems as though humans have always been fascinated with how the brain works and how well we are able to process information and for good reason too. Higher intelligence has been found to be associated with greater success in both academia and work, and may even have links to health and longevity. One particular area of interest within this subject is the heritability of intelligence. This is essentially an estimation of how much genetic variance can account for the variations of cognition…

Nhat Duong Does Ginger have an effect in relieving nausea and vomiting during pregnancy? A natural root of a plant called Ginger (Zingiber officinale) belongs to a Zingiberaceae family including cardamom and turmeric that are mostly cultivated in tropical areas.1(p373) The primary component of ginger called gingerol comes from the root of the plant and its spicy aroma mainly due to the present of ketones called gingerols.1(p132,),2 Ginger is widely consumed in diet as a flavor in cooking and…