Cholinergic

borderline personality disorder are five times more likely to develop the same disorder than the general population. Biological factors that may play a role in the symptoms of this disorder include increased emotional liability, such as increased cholinergic energy. Some researchers have proposed that, “parental neglect or loss during childhood, or a deficient attachment between child and parent” play a role in developing this disorder (Lyons & Martin, p. 204). Others studies have shown high…

coordinated movement. When dopamine-producing cells die or fail to produce enough dopamine neurodegeneration occurs and Parkinson’s symptoms begin to appear. When the brain loses dopamine cells, dopamine and acetylcholine are put out of balance and cholinergic receptors become excited; this produces tremors and muscle rigidity. The cause of Parkinson’s disease is relatively unknown, however, it appears that men over the age of 60 are at the greatest risk. Family history also may increase…

Coffee or Tea Which is Better? Coffee and tea are currently the world’s most commonly used stimulants. Whereas the two are of different chemical structure and composition, they share a common chemical that is caffeine. Tea, for instance, contains caffeine and methylxanthenes such as theobromine and theophylline which are also human central nervous system stimulants. Tea is derived from a plant, Camellia sinensis, which was first grown in South East Asia and used as a beverage. It has over the…

article states, “DA-deficit theory of ADHD is insufficient to cover critical aspects of ADHD pathology and medication”.9 Further research has also indicated that other neurotransmitter systems such as the adrenergic, serotoninergic, nicotinergic and cholinergic systems may be involved.10 The accepted disease mechanism of ADHD among most researchers is low levels of dopamine.11 Dopamine pathways are directly responsible for cognitive control of behaviour, motivation, reward perception and motor…

Why do children we all once loves so dear, become cold hardened criminals and later delinquents?.The truth is, a host of issues contribute to antisocial and criminal behavior. Sometimes, things happen that a mother cannot help. Emergencies during pregnancy or delivery may cause the doctor to have to perform an emergency extraction of some type to the fetus. Surprise! such a procedure may make the young newborns susceptible to antisocial personality. In add to birth complications, unfortunate…

Oxybutynin Chemical structure Mode of action and pharmacology Oxybutynin is an antimuscarinic, antispasmodic medicine that is used to relieve urinary symptoms caused by an overactive bladder. An over active bladder is caused by involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle surrounding the bladder causing it to empty unnecessarily. The detrusor muscle helps control normal working functions by relaxing and contracting as the bladder fills and empties. Symptoms include…

the brain having to work harder – and less efficiently – in managing cognitive demand. This may be via the use of redundant neural pathways, or axonal sprouting that can compensate for the destruction of axon and through the mediating role of cholinergic system (Parry et al., 2003, Cader, Palace & Matthews.,…

Jeffrey Ray Jackson Sr. OL-GEN140 Week 2 Source Evaluation Paper What are the symptoms of Bipolar in adults? The summary source, paragraph: The author is working on problem(s) and/or issues of current research, studies focuses on developing and creating novel medications, novel compounds, novel biomarkers, novel bio-signatures of treatment, novel response for and treatment-resistant depressions, identify potentially relevant novel drug targets, and identify potentially relevant novel bipolar…

Rapid eye movement sleep is a unique phase of mammalian sleep characterized by random movement of the eyes, low muscle tone throughout the body, and the propensity of the sleeper to dream vividly. This phase is also known as paradoxical sleep and sometimes desynchronized sleep because of physiological similarities to waking states, including rapid, low-voltage desynchronized brain waves. Electrical and chemical activity regulating this phase seems to originate in the brain stem and is…

Alzheimer’s is a complex neurodegenerative brain disease. It has multiple stages, is chronic, and causes shrinkage of the brain as well as neuronal dysfunction and death. There are six current hypotheses as to cause and all hypotheses seem to be somewhat relative. Diagnosis is achieved with neuropsychological testing, neuroimaging, genetic, blood, and cerebral spinal fluid testing, as well as up and coming urine and retinal tests. Symptomatic pharmaceutical treatment is available. Etiologic…