Chemotherapy

ABCDE is an mnemonic device used to remember the steps when analyzing skin diseases such as skin cancer and can be very useful in identifying warning signs. The A stands for asymmetrical. When a mole is benign, when your draw a line in the middle it will be symmetrical. But, if the mole is malignant it will be asymmetrical, and this can be a warning sign for melanoma. The B stands for border. A malignant mole's borders tend to be uneven and the edges may be notched (in the shape of a V). This…

One option to remove a tattoo is dermabrasion which a process of sloughing away the top layer of skin removing the affected skin and pigment encouraging the new skin to grow. Another is excursion this is where a scalpel is used to cut away the portion of skin with the tattoo on it. This one is only recommended for small tattoos. A third way to remove tattoos is cryosurgery. This is where liquid nitrogen is applied to the tattooed area then a light is introduced to have peeling happen to cause…

Carcinoid tumors are one of the neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) that derivate from embryonic neural crestand counting for about 2% of primarylung tumors(12).NEcells derived peptides have importantparacrine regulatory and mitogenic function forbronchial epithelial cells.Exposure to pollutants, hypoxia and cigarettesmoking induce hyperplasia of NE- cells in bronchial and cause mucosa secretion. Pulmonary NETs consist of a group of lesions with incidentalfrom small proliferation of neuroendocrine…

Three medical researchers found how DNA grows and repair itself. It uses a repairing mechanism to fix any problems in a cell's DNA. The three scientists’ names are Sancar, Lyndahl, and Modrich. The scientists explained how, “Our DNA is constantly under assault from ultraviolet rays from the sun and carcinogenic substances.” Without this repairing mechanism cells would die far more quickly than they are made and the person would die. The scientists believe that they can use this information to…

In the last two years doing research concerning cancer biology, I realized that cancer is such a sophisticated disease. It’s almost like a great villain in superhero movies, with each metastatic cell taking out whatever comes in its way while stealthily stealing nutrition and blood supply to feed itself. Selfishly maximizing its own chance at survival, cancer is complicated, invasive, aggressive and intriguing. Going forward into graduate schools, I hope my research will continue in the field…

Tumor markers are helpful biochemical markers that assist in screening and identifying individuals at high risk of developing cancer. They are also used when diagnosing specific types of tumors and monitoring the progress of specific tumors (McCance & Huether, 2013). Cells from benign tumors and malignant tumors produce tumor markers which can be present in blood, spinal fluid, and in urine (McCance & Huether, 2013). The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an antigen that is secreted by the…

The purpose of this experiment was to identify the different absorbance levels and response between normal cells and cancerous cells. Also, the difference between resting or stimulated cells and whether they have a difference in absorbance from each other. Inactivated forms of ERK cells don’t react and bind to the antibody on the ELISA plate, therefore this results in a no colour change on the plate. Whereas activated with added phosphate ERK cells react with the antibody and so antibodies do…

Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy One of the greatest difficulties within the field of oncology is achieving the highest probability of cure with the lowest morbidity as possible. Treatment planning and delivery technology have changed significantly since the introduction of 3D treatment planning in the 1980s (Meyer, 2011). The latest and greatest method of radiation therapy is known as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Intensity-modulated radiation therapy is a newer, modern…

Cancer is a scary thing as an adult but imagine being a teenager? In “The Fault in our Stars,” by John Green, it talks about two cancer patients who are teenagers. Hazel is a teen who has had cancer all her life and Augustus is the same. These two meet at a support group meeting and instantly hit it off. Throughout the book, their families and friends are there too. This story takes place in Indianapolis where Hazel and Augustus live. Now, the story is definitely a rollercoaster. Hazel and…

Over the summer, my grandmother was diagnosed with breast cancer. Having two direct relatives being diagnosed and currently having the disease, she decided to have genetic testing done. Many cancers are genetically passed down, so we had a very strong possibility that we could have the gene. If we did, my mother, aunt, and I would be almost guaranteed to have breast cancer during our lifetime. This could potentially change the lives of everyone in my family. We knew it was possibility, but we…