In experiment 2, we observed that the reaction of halogenoalkanes with aqueous alkali and water which contains dissolved silver nitrate. Halogenoalkanes are alkanes which have one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by halogen atoms such as fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) and iodine (I) which are the elements in group 7 in periodic table. Halogenoalkanes have the general formula, RX, whereby R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is any of the halogen atom. Besides, halogenoalkanes…
Introduction: As it is taught throughout school, all living things are made up of cells. These cells are carry out all the necessary functions to keep the human body well maintained including chemical reactions and other complex tasks. In order to carry out these functions, it’s vital for the cell to possess a membrane. Cells create cholesterol, which is a cyclic fatty-product that maintains the cells permeability. Cholesterol is also synthesized to create steroid hormones, and also vitamin D.…
During World War I, The United States developed the Chemical Warfare Service, and briefly conducted research on a lethal, natural, plant protein called ricin, but after the signing of the Geneva Protocol, which prohibited "asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices" and "bacteriological methods of warfare," all research on chemical weapons were officially terminated. However, as The United States’ involvement in conflict…
Chapter Six: Completing the Table…with a Bang 1. What is the difference between a “dirty” bomb and a conventional nuclear bomb? (1 mark) The difference between a “dirty” bomb and a conventional nuclear bomb is that a nuclear bomb is designed to destroy organisms using heat and impact, while a dirty bomb is designed to kill with gamma radiation. Radiation from dirty bombs, besides burning through skin, also alters the DNA in bone marrows, which significantly weakens the body’s immune system, and…
In a chemical equation, there are the reactants, which is the part that is changed, and the products, which is what is left over. The reactant side and the product side must have the same quantity of each element. If they do not, the equation must be balanced by using coefficients. Mole ratios can be found by using these coefficients. Mole ratios are conversion factors and can be used to found the amounts of the reactants and the products in a chemical reaction. These can also be used to find…
The purpose of this lab was to perform reduction of ketones by reducing 4-t-butylcyclohexanone with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) to form 4-t-butylcyclohexanol. At the end of this experiment, the infrared spectroscopy was obtain for the final product, 4-t-butylcyclohexanol. The IR graph showed the presence of the desired product, and it also showed if the reaction went to completion or not. In addition, the mass of the final product was obtained to determine the percent yield. To a 5mL conical…
The purpose of this lab was to find the most efficient way to transfer heat from a chip to a water beaker. The heat transfer was coming from burning a baked lay and through our calorimeter heat energy was pushed out. Then we took it another step further by modifying our calorimeter to capture even more energy. The overall purpose was to capture as much energy as possible. “Energy is the ability to do work, or the ability to elicit change in matter.” (Castro) Energy can be defined in different…
Do mole ratios affect the amount of reactant that is produced? This experiment tested why mixing reactants in different mole ratios affected the amount of the product and the amount of each reactant that is left over. To solve the problem, the lab contained reacting sodium bicarbonate(baking soda) and acetic acid(vinegar) in different ratios and seeing if the product changed. The data suggests that the higher ratio of baking soda to vinegar creates the most product. For the ratio…
Supercooling is a cooling liquid below its freezing point without its changing to a solid. Stirring the liquid will help minimize supercooling. 9. Non-volatile is a substance that do not have to measure vapor pressure Example: glucose and salt (NaCl) Volatile is substances that have a measurable vapor pressure Example: tolure, benzene 10. ΔTf = 3.9 0C Kf = 20.4 0C/m Mass of solute = 0.49 g Mass of solvent = 20g m = ΔTf / Kf = 3.9 0C / 20.4 0C/m = 0.191 m Moles of solute = molality * mass of…
identity of an unknown ionic compound, unknown sample 3, through the substance’s chemical properties and reactivity. This compound was discovered in a landfill and we needed to know as much information as we can about how the chemical will behave in different situations so that the city will not be negatively affected by the chemical.2 Thus, we first needed to identify the unknown substance, determine some of its chemical properties and reactivity, and also its synthesis.1 To accomplish this…