Chemical shift

Chemical kinetics are governed by the mathematics of systems of differential equations (Thermodynamics and Kinetics). This means that the rate of any chemical reaction is determined by the type, and amount, of reactants present. Note the rate of a reaction is how fast it occurs. Furthermore, such rate equations can either be distinctively linear or non-linear when graphed. Non-linear equations are supposedly more complex as they generally react to small changes within its parameters…

cis isomer. This ratio was determined by looking at the two singlets in the spectra RM-09-1 representing the protons on alkene double bond. The singlets in RM-09-1 were found at 7.11 ppm and 6.59 ppm. The reported values, found on SDBS, for the chemical shifts of these singlets were 6.57 ppm for (Z)-stilbene and 7.15 ppm for (E)-stilbene. These peaks also determined the ratio of isomers for the second and third fractions as well. In the spectra RM-09-2, the ratio was determined to be 4:3. The…

monoterpene, which means it is made up of two isoprene units. Natural products are related compounds formally derived from isoprene units are terpenoids.3 The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group.3 (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/class/terp.html) The purity of the oil can be determined by measuring its physical properties including optical rotation by using a polarimeter and refractive index by…

Results and dissection 3.1 Transition metal complexes of the macrocyclic, H6L Ligand 3.1.1 The macrocyclic, H6L Ligand The physical and analytical data of the macrocyclic, H6L ligand and its transition metal complexes were shown in Table 1. From the investigation, the expected structure of H6L with its possible toutomeric forms can be represented as shown in Figure 1. H6L ligand is highly symmetric under the point group C2v symmetry and can show all the normal modes of vibrations by solving…

As is expected of a methyl-ethene system, the peak appears with a chemical shift of between 2.2 and 2.7ppm. This is due to the deshielding nature of the pi-system adjacent to the methyl groups, the deshielding character shifts the methyl peak downfield of the 1ppm region, the expected chemical shift of a methyl group. As the methyl group contains 3 equivalent hydrogens, each hydrogen within a methyl system will feel the effective…

α-FePO4, its space group is P3121 and thus its lattice symmetry can be inferred to be also trigonal, just like α-Quartz. Similarly, β-FePO4 space group is P6422 and its lattice symmetry can be inferred to be hexagonal, just like β-Quartz. Although the chemical structures of quartz and FePO4 are different, with quartz having a formula of SiO2, they can actually be in the same structure and have the same space symmetry. Fe atom is trivalent, and P atom is pentavalent. This means that their total…

information in our nerves and is involved in processing this information in our brains. Moreover, the valence electrons are responsible for binding atoms to form molecules. The structural change of molecule is triggered by motion of electrons in the chemical bonds. Controlling this fast electron motion, in turn, allows to control the molecular structure change. Additionally, the ability to take snapshots of the electron motion dynamics will improve our…

In Webster’s dictionary the definition of Environmental Science states that, it is “the branch of science concerned with the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the environment and their effect of organisms”. In the experiment Environmental Science deals with how the human body will be affected in the environment with or without using electrolytes during an exercise. While conducting the experiment Aleckzar used his brother Alekczar to see if there would be a significant difference…

Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory was to synthesize isopentyl acetate, commonly known as banana oil, in a reaction of methanol and isopentyl alcohol catalyzed by sulfuric acid. Through this Fischer esterification reaction, it was possible to learn about using a Reflux condenser to run a reaction as well as purifying the product through various washes and extractions along with simple distillation. In addition, the product of the experiment was carefully analyzed based upon boiling point,…

Efavirenz (M.P 139⁰C) employing xylitol and pearlitol as crystalline carriers. Extrusion was carried at melting point (138-140⁰C) of Efavirenz with screw speed of 100 RPM. DSC and XRD studies confirmed the crystallinity of the formulations and FTIR chemical imaging confirmed the uniform distribution of API in hydrophilic carrier. The dissolution studies carried in 1000ml of 0.1N HCl with 0.2% SLS showed significant improvement in drug release (more than 90% in 1h) which is approximately 4 folds…