Chemical shift

3. Results and discussion 3.1. XRD analysis The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of Sn-substituted Ni-Zn ferrites with the chemical composition of Ni0.6-x/2Zn0.4-x/2SnxFe2O4 (NZSFO) are shown in Fig. 1. The XRD spectra were indexed and fcc cubic phase was identified. The structural parameters are calculated from the XRD data and have been discussed in Ali et al [6]. The lattice constants are calculated from the XRD data and represented in Table 1. The distances between the magnetic ions at…

kinetics of galena (PbS) while Stenhouse and Armstrong (1952) reported an activation energy of 20 kJ/mol for the alkaline oxidation of pyrite. Koslides and Ciminelli (1992) suggested that during alkaline oxidation of sulphides, there is a change from chemical (activation energy > 40 kJ/mol) to diffusion (activation energy < 40 kJ/mol) control as the rate determining step when temperature is above 100°C This led them to conclude that the oxidation is a mixed controlled reaction. Alkaline…

testing itself which is known as Built-In Self-Test (BIST). A metric for quality and successful testing is fault coverage. Fault Coverage is the number of stuck at faults detected. In hardware, the implementation of BIST is with a Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) which uses the remainder left in the register. This remainder is called a signature and this technique is called signature analysis. Signature analysis is an efficient technique for compressing the DUT’s output responses in BIST.…

How the changing mass of solute effects the heat given out when dissolved in water Aim To investigate how the changing mass of a solute will affect the energy given out. Introduction Dissolving is when a solute is mixed into a solvent to form a solution. Dissolving can be either endothermic or exothermic. Endothermic reactions happen when the energy given out when bonds are broken, is greater than the energy given out when bonds are made. As more energy is used and taken in, the surroundings…

the element essential for life on Earth. Understanding the fundamental characteristics of water is important for both scientific and practical reasons. Hence, this paper deals the origin of the water on Earth, molecular characteristics of water and chemical bonds, influences of temperature, conductivity and salinity, and water cycle and constituents. There are multiple theories about the origin of water on Earth, and all the theories suggest that the water come from outer space. The universe…

Research Paper John Murray like most scientists was not really appreciated while he was an alive but his discoveries were a major help after he died. He lived in a time that scientific discoveries were plentiful so it was extremely east for something like the study of oceanography to be overlooked. His discoveries lead to him being called the father of Oceanography (Sir John Murray-Founder of Oceanography). He was born in Canada in 1841 to Scottish parents. He soon moved to Edinburgh,…

In order to survive under several environmental influences, animals must possess biological mechanisms which enable them to regulate and maintain their internal environment. Temperature is one of abiotic factors that are inexorably linked to every animal’s physiological functions since it is considered a strong source of selective pressure on animals (Miller, 2010). Animals are categorized into thermoregulators and thermoconformers based on their mechanisms to maintain their internal environment…

students used enzymes as catalysts in order to speed up the reaction processes involved in several tests. Enzymes are substances produced by living organisms that act as a catalyst, while a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of the chemical reaction. Furthermore, varying amounts of pH and enzymes were added to the mixture in order to determine the substance’s rate of reaction. When the reaction occurs, students are supposed to study and observe it until the substance becomes…

Purpose To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of the thiosulphate reaction. Hypothesis If the temperature increases, then the rate of the thiosulphate reaction will also increase. Variables Independent variable: Temperature change in each experiment, which will be varied by increasing the temperature by 10°C each time. Dependent Variable: Rate of reaction, which will be measured by measuring the time taken for the cross to not be visible. Constants: Concentration of HCl and…

Painful procedures and pain management is a common topic when animal welfare is concerned. Why are painful procedures used on livestock? Increased safety for animals and handlers, treatment of injury and disease, production of desired products, and identification are all reasons. Procedures such as castration, tail docking, clipping of needle teeth, and ear notching/tagging have all been recognized as painful procedures in the swine industry. Many people are now asking, “If these procedures are…