Chemical reactions

The estimated amount of time it took for the reactions that involved 2- chlorobutane, 2 – bromobutane, or 2 – chloro – 2 – methylpropane and 2 - bromobutane to form a precipitate could not be determined because no precipitate was formed. It makes sense that no precipitate was from because there was a lot of steric hindrance. The estimated amount of time it took for the reaction that involved 1 – chlorobutane could not be determined because at first glance it looked as if no precipitate formed.…

Ammonia, NH3 10 was added to a test tube and 10 drops of 0.5m CuSO4. The result was recorded as the rest of every trial in the experiment with the different chemicals. 10 drops of 1M Na2CO3 was added with 10 drops of 6M HCl. Bubbles were formed with no color in both solutions. The 10 drops of 5.0M Na2SO4 to a test tube was dropped and 10 drops of 1M HCl as the solutions were mixed white precipitate was resulted…

Abstract: Using the PhysioEx.9.1 software, I ran Activity 4: Simulating Filtration lab to learn about the filtration of solutes in a membrane system. This experiment was conducted using four solutes: NaCl, urea, glucose, and powdered charcoal. The goal was to learn if any of these solutes passed through the three different dialysis membranes at varying pressures. Does increasing the pore size increase filtration rate? What effect will pressure have on the filtration rate? These are the…

In this lab experiment, we will be using an unknown volatile liquid in order to understand the direct relationship between the molecular weight of a gas and its vapor density, which will help us determine the molecular weight of the unknown. The necessary tools that are essential in this experiment include: a balance, watch glass, two pieces of foil (2.5x2.5 inches & 3x3 inches), boiling chips, a ring stand, a thermometer, a bunsen burner, and an 800mL beaker. During this experiment, we have to…

experiment was an amylase enzyme to lower the activation energy of the reactions, starch solutions of pH 3,4,5,6,7,and 8, these provided different concentrations to project various environmental conditions. In addition, Iodine solution, and a spectrophotometer were needed. Each cuvette contained a specific pH concentration. Then the enzyme extract was added to each pH concentration for a reaction to take place. Once the reaction was completed in ten minutes, HCl was added, as an inhibitor, to…

In the science world, the term “catalyst” refers to something that speeds up a reaction. A catalyst increases the speed of a reaction without changing itself. Instead of asking why things happen, we should ask how things happen. What elements were involved in the equation and what catalysts (if any) were involved? In historical terms, asking how is far more valuable than asking why. For example, US citizens in 1963 may never be able to understand why President Kennedy was assassinated. They…

Chromatography is a key aspect in chemistry. It allows one to separate molecules based on a variety of things. In labs 3 and 4 we looked at two of the characteristics that molecules carry that can help separate them. Lab 3 used spectrophotometry once again, but the concept that garnered the most interest was ion exchange chromatography. Ion exchange chromatography works by separating molecules based on the individual charges they carry. In our case we used anion exchange chromatography, which…

This photo is a picture of my lofted bed next to a large two-paned window. This is just one of two windows in my dorm room in De Smet Hall. The concept that I will discuss regarding my photo is thermodynamics and transfer of heat. Specifically, I will be discussing conduction from the temperature outside of De smet and the temperature of my dorm room. The material that the energy will transfer through is the two large two-paned windows that are on each wall. I will complete example calculations…

There are factors that can affect the enzymatic activity. Enzymes are known to speed up the biological reactions. It is specific to its substrate which in this experiment is known to be catechol. The catechol oxidase is used in all parts to express the concentration in the enzyme reacting into ortho-quinone (Schultz, 2006). The catechol oxidase if from the potato that was used in this experiment. The enzyme was extracted as the full strength after centrifugation and used the homogenization as…

Topic: Identifying Unknown Substances. Equipments: • 5 test tubes. • 1 beaker of Acid 1 beaker of water • 4-Litmus papers • 2 Pipette bulbs. • 1 robber stopper. • 1 Bunsen burner. • Q-tips(4). • Scoopula. Observation: Which substance is which? Hypothesis: All the unknown substances that we have are soluble in water. Procedure • We had a 4 test tubes filled with small amount of white powder. We labeled each test tube. For example the first test tube was labeled as “Substance A” , the second…