Chemical process

activation energy needed to begin a reaction. Chemical reactions require the breaking and forming of chemical bonds for the reactants to turn into products. In order for a chemical reaction to occur, the reactants must absorb enough energy to contort into an unstable state. Once in this state, the reaction can occur, resulting in the products being made in a stable state and energy being released from the reaction as heat. An endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that requires heat to be…

CONTENTS RESEARCH QUESTION How does the length of carbon chains, specifically those related to alkanols, namely ethanol 1- propanol and 1- butanol, affect the heat of combustion? AIM To investigate how the length of carbon chains affect the heat of combustion and enthalpy, in order to determine which fuel would be the safest and most efficient to take on a camping trip. HYPOTHESIS If the number of carbon atoms in an alkanol is increased, then the alkanol containing the longest carbon…

EXSS 2025 Motor Control and Learning Experiment 4: Reaction, Movement& Response Time in Decision-Making Tasks I. Question 3: (i) Why are multiple repeated trials in each task required (ii) Why do we need to complete checks on the data (identify errors etc)? (iii) Why was there a variable fore-period between the start of a trial and the appearance of a stimulus in the tasks? (iv) Why was randomization necessary from Task 1b onwards? (v) Why was 80%(congruent) vs 20%(incongruent) split used in…

0.20 g of adsorbent was added to 20 mL of 50 mg/L dye solution and Vortex at 150 rpm for various time intervals at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, minutes. The above steps were repeated using dye concentrations of 100, 150 and 200 mg/L dye solutions. Adsorbent dosage is an important parameter because it determines the capacity of adsorbent for a given initial concentration of dye molecules. Then their % absorbance’s were calculated by spectrophotometer (λmax=410) and thus amount adsorbed were calculated.…

7.59 From the stress–strain data for poly(methyl methacrylate) shown in Figure 7.24, determine the modulus of elasticity and tensile strength at room temperature [20°C (68°F)], and compare these values with those given in Tables 7.1 and 7.2. Solution From Figure 7.24, the elastic modulus is the slope in the elastic linear region of the 20C curve, which is The value range cited in Table 7.1 is 2.24 to 3.24 GPa (325,000 to 470,000 psi). Thus, the plotted value is a little on the…

Introduction Enzymes, which speed up a chemical reaction without being consumed or changing the products of the reaction, are very important because they control the cellular activity of all living organisms. Enzymes are also described as being “catalysts”. In biological systems, specific enzymes catalyze particular cellular reactions. Each enzyme has a unique 3-D shape, and this shape determines which reaction it catalyzes. However, in order for a chemical reaction to move forward, an energy…

In this experiment, a series of reactions was performed in order to synthesize 6-ethoxycarbonyl-3,5-diphenyl-2-cyclohexenone, an a,b-unsaturated ketone. The two reactions performed in order to obtain this product were a Michael addition reaction and an Aldol condensation reaction. During this experiment, the reaction solution underwent several changes. Originally, the initial solution was light yellow and transparent. Once heated, the appearance of the reaction solution became bright yellow.…

Formal Lab Report: Molar Volume of a Gas at STP Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to find out how to experimentally determine what the volume of a mole of H₂(g) is at STP by using gas laws. The hypothesis for the experiment is that if H₂(g) is produced at RT and STP, Avogadro’s law can be used to experimentally determine the amount of H₂(g) because equal gases at the same pressure and temperature have the same amount of particles. In order to find the molar volume, hydrogen gas…

The Old Lie: Dulce et Decorum Est Wilfred Owen had experienced first-hand the horrors of World War One, and watched as countless young lives were slaughtered believing “The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est” (27), that it was sweet and fitting to die for one’s country. He wrote the poem Dulce et Decorum Est to clearly refute the message espoused by many, that war is glorious, by bringing to life the horrors of warfare through vivid imagery. This was accomplished by exposing the gruesome conditions…

Short-term plasticity at the ORN  PN synapse could result in PN responses that are strongest during the rising phase of the ORN response since the ORN  PN synapses display short-term depression that causes ORN spikes that arrive later to produce smaller postsynaptic potentials than the ones produced by earlier spikes. In depressing synapses, successive action potentials result in smaller and smaller postsynaptic responses. The reduction in postsynaptic responses could be due to smaller amount…