Chemical potential

cell. Entry of Ca2+ promotes the fusion of synaptic vesicles to the pre-synaptic membrane. Each synaptic vesicle holds thousands of chemical neurotransmitter molecules. The vesicles discharge their contents (chemical neurotransmitters) into the synaptic cleft (7, 8), the area between pre-synaptic membrane and postsynaptic membrane of the subsequent neuron. Chemical neurotransmitters diffuses across the synaptic cleft and travel towards the post-synaptic membrane of the target cell in less than a…

Sydney Holst When certain chemicals interact with a neuron, they alter the balance of ions inside and outside the cell. If this change reaches threshold, it sends a signal down the neuron’s membrane to the axon. At the axon, the neuron fires the signal to a neighboring neuron, and the process repeats. Once the electrical potential of Neuron A (presynaptic neuron) reaches -60mV the sodium and potassium channels in the neuron open at the beginning of the axon. The influx of positive sodium ions…

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot in 1869 discovered Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (The ALS Association, 2015). ALS is more commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig’s disease after Lou Gehrig, a great American baseball player whose career unfortunately ended abruptly due to this incurable degenerative disease. ALS is the deterioration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord that leads to muscle weakness. This significant decrease in muscle strength eventually…

Fill the flat beaker with water. 6. Place a plastic bag over the top of the cylinder and place it, upside down, in the flat beaker. Make sure the bottom of the beaker is always underwater. 7. Fasten the beaker in place using the stand, clamp and boss. 8. Place one end of the tube inside the large beaker and fasten the other to the cynical flask’s arm. 9. Quickly pour the CaCO3 into the cynical flask, plug in the rubber stopper and start the stop watch. 10. Every 10 seconds,…

Justification and Relevance of Lesson Energy is the ability to do work. It has the potential to make changes, and any changes are due to work being done. This is significant because work can generate energy, and energy itself can do work (i.e., work done on windmills by the wind produces energy, and energy is used in homes to do work). Standards and Learning Objectives Content Learning Standards (s) HS-PS3-2: Energy at the macroscopic scale. • PS3.A: At the macroscopic scale, energy manifests…

Before a Trebuchet is fired, there is a large amount of potential gravitational energy in the counterweight. This is turned into kinetic energy as the counterweight falls. Since the law of the conservation of energy states that the energy has to go somewhere, the energy in the counterweight also needs to go somewhere…

After astrocytes remove glutamate from the ECS, glutamate must be isolated and degraded. Glutamate transporters are bidirectional, so intracellular elevations of glutamate levels will lead to an electrochemical gradient-mediated release if the molecule is not destroyed. If glutamate release is unregulated glutamate accumulates in the ECS and impairs the survival of neurons. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) helps degrade glutamate into a-ketoglutarate, an intermediary in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)…

experiment was to understand kinetic and potential energy and verify the Law of Conservation of Energy. Kinetic and potential energy are both forms of energy that usually coincide with each other; potential energy usually changes into kinetic energy and vice versa. While potential energy results from an object’s position or arrangement of parts, kinetic energy results from an object’s motion. Together, the sum of an object’s kinetic energy and the potential energy at that instant is its total…

devices, an angled ramp is used to bring waves to a height where they can drop into an elevated (relative to sea level) reservoir right behind the plate. The difference in height between sea level and the captured water within the reservoirs creates potential energy that can be harnessed kinetically by draining the water through low head turbines back to sea.…

Introduction: Temperature can affect the rate at which an action potential is generated to excite an action potential within a given skeletal muscle. Maximum contraction is the ability of the muscle to recruit and produce its greatest force during a contraction, and we can observe these effects by using a grip force transducer, which records the functional grip force of the hand. Therefore, the purpose of this lab was to discern how varying temperatures affect maximum contraction. I…