Chemical potential

help us see, hear, taste, and feel sensation. This is all do to a critical phenomenon known as action potential. Action potential is caused by a change in various ions, specifically sodium and potassium. When the neuron is in a resting state with -70mV, there is a great amount of potassium ions inside the cell, and a plethora of sodium ions outside the cell. For something to initiate an action potential, there must be a certain stimulus or impulse. This stimulus would cause voltage-gated sodium…

Discuss the relationship between energy and society. The principle question to ask when examining the relationship between energy and society is whether society drive changes in energy or energy stimulates societal change. The most common answer is that as society innovates and grows more forms of energy are harnessed and so our use of energy changes. However, at a more fundamental level, every major change in human history has been caused by the availability of energy in its various forms. The…

In neuronal development, the general rule is that cells are generated in sites different from those they later reside in. The Nervous System is the master controlling and communicating system of the body. Electrical impulses act as signaling device; they are rapid, specific and cause immediate responses. They also use sensory receptors to monitor changes called stimuli. This is where gathered information creates sensory input. Integration is the processes and interprets sensory input which…

chain with a molecular mass of 150kD. Recently, Type B Botulinum Toxin is also commercially available in market.  Mechanism of Action The main site of action of Botulinum toxin is neuromuscular junction. Normally, at the junction, when action potential depolarises the axon terminal, acetylcholine is released from the synaptic cleft. This process is facilitated by a transport protein, named SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor)…

peripheral nervous system (PNS), is said to be “myelinated”, while the bare axon is “unmyelinated”. Action potentials travel more rapidly and further in distance along a myelinated axon, this is because they travel by salutatory conduction. This is when the impulse at the first node generates currents that open gated channels…

The neurotransmitter that I chose to research is serotonin. It is created by a biochemical conversion process that combines tryptophan, a part of proteins, with tryptophan hydroxylase, a chemical reactor. Together, they form 5-hydroxyltryptamine (5-HT). Serotonin is manufactured in the brain and the intestines. The majority of the body's serotonin, between 80% to 90%, can be found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It can also be found in the blood platelets and the central nervous system.…

Myasthenia Gravis Background Myasthenia gravis is a Type II autoimmune disorder in which antibodies form against various types of receptors, kinases, or proteins (1). There are four subtypes of myasthenia gravis, with the most prevalent subtype being due to autoantibodies against the muscle-type acetylcholine receptor, AChR, at the neuromuscular junction (2; 3). The second subtype involves antibodies against the muscle-specific kinase, MuSK, and the third type is due to autoantibodies against…

1. A salivary gland is stimulated by its parasympathetic nerve. a) Describe the organization of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system that largely acts involuntarily. It consists of nerves in cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, exocrine and endocrine glands. The main visceral activities are temperature regulation, digestion, blood pressure and genitourinary function. The second main division of the…

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE (P) FHSC1014 MECHANICS LABORATORY MANUAL UTAR FHSC1014 Mechanics Trimester 1 UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES LABORATORY SAFETY RULES The following rules must be obeyed by all students in the science laboratory of the faculty. Willful or repeated inadvertent noncompliance may result in dismissal or suspension from the laboratories. I. No entry without permission:…

learning are and how our emotions affect our learning. Emotion is the on and off switch for learning. It’s important for us to understand this process and how we learn biologically. Understanding how we learn can be the key to reaching our full potential and being successful no matter what we do in life. The Natural Human Learning Process was founded by Rita Smilkstein. According to Smilkstein’s theory, we all go through six stages of learning. The first stage is motivation.…